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區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)一體(ti)化發展既需(xu)要自(zi)然資源環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)位(wei)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、基礎設施環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)硬環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，更需(xu)要法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、人(ren)(ren)文環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)軟(ruan)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。[14]鑒于機動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)污(wu)染具有(you)(you)復(fu)雜性、流動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)性等(deng)(deng)(deng)特征(zheng)，探索推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)污(wu)染防(fang)(fang)治的(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)協同(tong)立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，對于為實(shi)現交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)一體(ti)化高(gao)質(zhi)量發展提供(gong)(gong)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)供(gong)(gong)給(gei)，可謂意義(yi)重大且(qie)緊迫。但是，區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)內(nei)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)存(cun)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟發展不(bu)(bu)平衡、立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)技術與(yu)(yu)觀念不(bu)(bu)同(tong)步、立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)協作機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)健(jian)全以及城(cheng)市功能定位(wei)不(bu)(bu)一致等(deng)(deng)(deng)諸多現實(shi)問題，又明顯地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)約著機動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)污(wu)染防(fang)(fang)治區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)協同(tong)立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效開展，且(qie)現有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)模式(shi)供(gong)(gong)給(gei)類型也(ye)無法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)通(tong)(tong)過簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)排列(lie)組合(he)滿足區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)協同(tong)立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要。[15]為此，區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)應沖破原有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)模式(shi)，破除(chu)傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部門與(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)界限(xian)，通(tong)(tong)過構建(jian)(jian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)大立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)聯(lian)席會(hui)議機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，暢通(tong)(tong)立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)草案(an)(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸共議渠道，實(shi)現立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共同(tong)聚(ju)焦，協商制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定《機動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)污(wu)染防(fang)(fang)治條例（草案(an)(an)）》，由(you)各自(zi)人(ren)(ren)大啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)程序通(tong)(tong)過，重點確保機動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)污(wu)染防(fang)(fang)治立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)在區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)實(shi)現適用(yong)范圍、主(zhu)要制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)、防(fang)(fang)治措施、協同(tong)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律責任(ren)等(deng)(deng)(deng)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)機統(tong)一。[16]其中(zhong)，特別(bie)需(xu)要強調的(de)(de)(de)(de)是，要打通(tong)(tong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)機動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)污(wu)染防(fang)(fang)治信息共享的(de)(de)(de)(de)“斷頭(tou)路”，按照統(tong)一規(gui)劃(hua)、統(tong)一標準、統(tong)一監測、統(tong)一防(fang)(fang)治的(de)(de)(de)(de)總體(ti)要求(qiu)，切實(shi)建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)機動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)污(wu)染的(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)防(fang)(fang)聯(lian)治機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。同(tong)時，區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)內(nei)各地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方應當建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)交(jiao)叉備案(an)(an)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，在區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)協同(tong)立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)框架下，各地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)在立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)后除(chu)交(jiao)由(you)上(shang)級機關備案(an)(an)外，還要向(xiang)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)內(nei)其他地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)主(zhu)體(ti)備案(an)(an)，審查該地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方機動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)污(wu)染防(fang)(fang)治立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是否存(cun)在抵觸本(ben)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)利(li)益(yi)(yi)或區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)整體(ti)利(li)益(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條款，可向(xiang)該地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)主(zhu)體(ti)或上(shang)級機關提出異議，要求(qiu)立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)協調。

（三(san)）地方關于機動(dong)車污染(ran)防治(zhi)的精細(xi)化立法

受到地(di)理環境、產業布局、經濟結構、城市(shi)規劃(hua)等多(duo)種(zhong)因素影(ying)響，各地(di)機動車污染的嚴重程度、突出(chu)誘因、疏解措(cuo)施等等要素呈現得并不相同。因此(ci)，具有(you)立(li)法(fa)權的地(di)方各級人民政府可以立(li)足本(ben)地(di)實際，突出(chu)重點，著眼(yan)于當地(di)機動車污染防治的特殊性進行(xing)精細化立(li)法(fa)。

特(te)別(bie)是具有省(sheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)兩級立(li)法(fa)權(quan)的河(he)北省(sheng)，根據地理環境等要素特(te)征和(he)(he)機(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)車(che)(che)污(wu)染(ran)特(te)殊(shu)性(xing)，各地可以開展進一步的差異化立(li)法(fa)。其中(zhong)(zhong)，冀(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)南太(tai)行山沿線通(tong)(tong)道方(fang)向，包括石家莊、保定(ding)、邢臺、邯(han)鄲市(shi)(shi)(shi)，為空(kong)(kong)氣質(zhi)量重(zhong)點(dian)改(gai)善區(qu)(qu)，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸(shu)結(jie)構(gou)公路比重(zhong)偏高(gao)問題(ti)明(ming)顯，在立(li)法(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)突出本地區(qu)(qu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸(shu)結(jie)構(gou)的改(gai)善和(he)(he)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)干線繞城(cheng)(cheng)運(yun)輸(shu)及重(zhong)型(xing)(xing)柴(chai)油(you)車(che)(che)排(pai)放(fang)的管(guan)控。而中(zhong)(zhong)東部平(ping)原地區(qu)(qu)通(tong)(tong)道方(fang)向，包括唐山、廊坊、滄(cang)州(zhou)、衡(heng)水四城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)雄(xiong)安新區(qu)(qu)，為空(kong)(kong)氣質(zhi)量持續改(gai)善區(qu)(qu)。其間，唐山市(shi)(shi)(shi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)車(che)(che)污(wu)染(ran)高(gao)于(yu)全省(sheng)平(ping)均(jun)水平(ping)，應(ying)在立(li)法(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)明(ming)確調整交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸(shu)結(jie)構(gou)、優化機(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)車(che)(che)過(guo)境線路的重(zhong)要性(xing)，制定(ding)京唐港、曹妃甸港禁止接受集疏港汽運(yun)煤炭(tan)等規定(ding)；廊坊市(shi)(shi)(shi)位(wei)于(yu)京津冀(ji)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)界(jie)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)，應(ying)將機(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)車(che)(che)污(wu)染(ran)治理特(te)別(bie)是過(guo)境重(zhong)型(xing)(xing)柴(chai)油(you)車(che)(che)管(guan)控作(zuo)為立(li)法(fa)重(zhong)點(dian)；滄(cang)州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)(shi)石油(you)化工(gong)(gong)行業集中(zhong)(zhong)，應(ying)在立(li)法(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)強對于(yu)運(yun)油(you)車(che)(che)等大型(xing)(xing)柴(chai)油(you)車(che)(che)輛治理，加(jia)強道路、石油(you)化工(gong)(gong)企業監管(guan)，加(jia)快(kuai)繞城(cheng)(cheng)道路建(jian)設(she)步伐；衡(heng)水市(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)為冀(ji)東南交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)樞紐與(yu)(yu)濱(bin)湖生(sheng)態宜居(ju)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)，應(ying)當(dang)(dang)將過(guo)境客(ke)貨(huo)運(yun)輸(shu)車(che)(che)輛作(zuo)為機(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)車(che)(che)污(wu)染(ran)防治重(zhong)點(dian)，并加(jia)快(kuai)公共交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)與(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)慢行道路等基礎設(she)施建(jian)設(she)；雄(xiong)安新區(qu)(qu)應(ying)當(dang)(dang)借助高(gao)起點(dian)定(ding)位(wei)優勢(shi)，建(jian)立(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)車(che)(che)污(wu)染(ran)排(pai)放(fang)與(yu)(yu)油(you)品質(zhi)量的“雄(xiong)安標(biao)準(zhun)”，貫徹(che)便捷高(gao)效低排(pai)放(fang)的綠(lv)色機(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)車(che)(che)發展理念，加(jia)快(kuai)新能源(yuan)汽車(che)(che)推廣與(yu)(yu)充電樁等配套基礎設(she)施建(jian)設(she)，利(li)用(yong)智慧城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)設(she)平(ping)臺，提(ti)升(sheng)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)道路與(yu)(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)設(she)備的智能化程度。

四(si)、滿足機(ji)動車污染防(fang)治需要的新型執法體系建(jian)構

機(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)污染(ran)新問題往往伴隨著產業發(fa)展(zhan)、制度建設(she)等新情況而產生，盡(jin)管機(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)污染(ran)防治(zhi)執法已(yi)經實現(xian)了對(dui)油(you)、路、車(che)等諸(zhu)環(huan)節的(de)覆(fu)蓋(gai)，但尚未滿足(zu)現(xian)實執法需要，執法環(huan)節仍(reng)然存(cun)(cun)在諸(zhu)多漏洞。探索滿足(zu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)污染(ran)防治(zhi)需要的(de)新型執法體(ti)系，建立(li)或完善(shan)車(che)輛(liang)全生命周期執法機(ji)(ji)(ji)制、油(you)品和車(che)用尿素的(de)市場監管、道路交通執法的(de)科學性建設(she)是對(dui)實踐中機(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)污染(ran)問題的(de)有效反(fan)饋和實現(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)污染(ran)防治(zhi)法律信用得以存(cun)(cun)續的(de)重要保障，有利于推(tui)進機(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)污染(ran)防治(zhi)工作的(de)完善(shan)與發(fa)展(zhan)。[17]

（一）完善車輛全生命周(zhou)期污染防控執法機制

1.明確(que)新(xin)(xin)(xin)車(che)(che)(che)(che)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保(bao)生(sheng)產(chan)一(yi)致性(xing)(xing)檢(jian)(jian)查的(de)執(zhi)法(fa)范圍(wei)、方式(shi)和(he)標(biao)準(zhun)。目前，生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)部(bu)門開展新(xin)(xin)(xin)車(che)(che)(che)(che)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保(bao)生(sheng)產(chan)一(yi)致性(xing)(xing)檢(jian)(jian)查的(de)自主性(xing)(xing)較強，執(zhi)法(fa)過程缺(que)乏明確(que)的(de)檢(jian)(jian)查范圍(wei)、方式(shi)和(he)標(biao)準(zhun)指(zhi)引，對(dui)新(xin)(xin)(xin)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)隨機性(xing)(xing)抽查也無法(fa)滿(man)足對(dui)車(che)(che)(che)(che)輛的(de)整體性(xing)(xing)檢(jian)(jian)驗目的(de)。因此(ci)，生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)部(bu)門應(ying)當每(mei)年針對(dui)新(xin)(xin)(xin)車(che)(che)(che)(che)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保(bao)生(sheng)產(chan)一(yi)致性(xing)(xing)檢(jian)(jian)查制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)《年度(du)(du)工(gong)(gong)作方案》，將產(chan)品類型、企業范圍(wei)、檢(jian)(jian)驗項(xiang)目等內容予以明示，必(bi)要時制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)《專項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)作方案》加以補充。同時，生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)部(bu)門應(ying)當擴大(da)新(xin)(xin)(xin)車(che)(che)(che)(che)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保(bao)生(sheng)產(chan)一(yi)致性(xing)(xing)檢(jian)(jian)查力度(du)(du)，增加集中(zhong)檢(jian)(jian)查次(ci)數，擴大(da)抽檢(jian)(jian)范圍(wei)，實現對(dui)機動(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)設計、生(sheng)產(chan)、銷售(shou)、上牌等各環(huan)(huan)(huan)節的(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保(bao)檢(jian)(jian)查全覆蓋(gai)。此(ci)外，生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)部(bu)門應(ying)當依據各車(che)(che)(che)(che)型特征與(yu)現行(xing)機動(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)污染排放標(biao)準(zhun)等制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)新(xin)(xin)(xin)車(che)(che)(che)(che)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保(bao)一(yi)致性(xing)(xing)檢(jian)(jian)查標(biao)準(zhun)，科學確(que)定(ding)合(he)理誤差，并針對(dui)檢(jian)(jian)查不合(he)格車(che)(che)(che)(che)輛制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)具(ju)體的(de)整改辦法(fa)與(yu)監控措施。

2.轉變(bian)報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)廢機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)車(che)回(hui)收(shou)拆解的(de)(de)執法(fa)(fa)重(zhong)點(dian)方向。新《報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)廢機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)車(che)回(hui)收(shou)管(guan)(guan)理辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)》實(shi)現了對(dui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)車(che)“五大總成”部(bu)(bu)(bu)件的(de)(de)再利用解禁，構(gou)建(jian)了機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)車(che)報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)廢零(ling)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件的(de)(de)追蹤(zong)溯源(yuan)流(liu)(liu)程。但是新法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)實(shi)施實(shi)際上確定了新的(de)(de)主體間(jian)權利義(yi)務關系，需要監管(guan)(guan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)革新監管(guan)(guan)理念，轉變(bian)報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)廢機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)車(che)回(hui)收(shou)拆解的(de)(de)執法(fa)(fa)重(zhong)點(dian)方向。[18]因此(ci)，市場監管(guan)(guan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)應當聯(lian)合生(sheng)(sheng)態環境(jing)等部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)基于質量安全、機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)車(che)污染影響、使用周期等要素制定報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)廢機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)車(che)零(ling)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件回(hui)收(shou)標準，并在(zai)此(ci)基礎上加(jia)強對(dui)回(hui)收(shou)企業的(de)(de)報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)廢零(ling)件與(yu)再生(sheng)(sheng)零(ling)件的(de)(de)質量監管(guan)(guan)。同時(shi)，加(jia)強生(sheng)(sheng)態環境(jing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)與(yu)報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)廢機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)車(che)回(hui)收(shou)管(guan)(guan)理部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)間(jian)的(de)(de)信息共享(xiang)，將報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)廢零(ling)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件（尤其是車(che)載診斷裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、排氣凈化裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)等零(ling)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件）的(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)向監管(guan)(guan)納入(ru)生(sheng)(sheng)態環境(jing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)職責，嚴(yan)厲打擊私自交易報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)廢車(che)輛、利用報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)廢零(ling)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件改裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)或拼裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)車(che)輛行(xing)為，嚴(yan)防因釋放報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)廢車(che)輛回(hui)收(shou)拆解市場而(er)引發的(de)(de)次生(sheng)(sheng)污染危害。

3.提高機(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)環(huan)保監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)抽(chou)(chou)測執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)力(li)度與(yu)協同(tong)(tong)(tong)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)靈活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。機(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)的(de)環(huan)保監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)抽(chou)(chou)測主(zhu)要依靠遙(yao)感監(jian)(jian)測和路檢路查(cha)，截止2017年，各地(di)建(jian)成260多(duo)(duo)套遙(yao)感監(jian)(jian)測設(she)備(bei)，僅靠路檢路查(cha)難(nan)以實(shi)(shi)現機(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)污(wu)(wu)染的(de)及時(shi)掌握(wo)和有力(li)震(zhen)懾。同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)，生態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)實(shi)(shi)施機(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)污(wu)(wu)染監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)抽(chou)(chou)測需要在(zai)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)情形下(xia)與(yu)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)聯合(he)(he)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，難(nan)以保障(zhang)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)效(xiao)率與(yu)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)管獨立性(xing)(xing)(xing)。為此(ci)，生態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)應加(jia)強遙(yao)感監(jian)(jian)測設(she)備(bei)建(jian)設(she)步伐，加(jia)快機(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)污(wu)(wu)染執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)隊伍(wu)構建(jian)，與(yu)相關部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)建(jian)立常態(tai)(tai)化聯合(he)(he)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，實(shi)(shi)現執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)人員與(yu)裝備(bei)的(de)整合(he)(he)利用，加(jia)強對機(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)密集停(ting)放地(di)的(de)污(wu)(wu)染監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)抽(chou)(chou)測，探索“生態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)取證(zheng)、市場監(jian)(jian)管部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)處罰(fa)”等(deng)多(duo)(duo)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)合(he)(he)作(zuo)新模式。同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)，提升生態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)獨立性(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)多(duo)(duo)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)聯合(he)(he)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)靈活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，針對超標(biao)排污(wu)(wu)車(che)(che)輛(liang)規(gui)定區(qu)域(yu)內肆意(yi)行(xing)駛、重型(xing)車(che)(che)輛(liang)進入限(xian)行(xing)區(qu)域(yu)等(deng)情況，賦予生態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)緊(jin)急執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)權(quan)，降低(di)超標(biao)排污(wu)(wu)機(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)污(wu)(wu)染后果。

（二）完善(shan)油(you)品及車用尿素市場監管的執(zhi)法機制

1.提升(sheng)(sheng)對(dui)(dui)油(you)(you)品(pin)及(ji)車(che)用(yong)尿素(su)(su)(su)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)力(li)度與服(fu)務意(yi)識。目前，部分(fen)(fen)地方煉油(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)升(sheng)(sheng)級改(gai)造滯后，產(chan)(chan)油(you)(you)質量(liang)難以(yi)符(fu)合油(you)(you)品(pin)質量(liang)標(biao)準和機動(dong)車(che)污染排放標(biao)準，車(che)用(yong)尿素(su)(su)(su)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)小作坊(fang)較多，部分(fen)(fen)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)尿素(su)(su)(su)含(han)量(liang)及(ji)雜質超標(biao)等(deng)問題(ti)突(tu)(tu)出。因此，相關部門(men)(men)應加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)監(jian)管(guan)力(li)度，以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei)突(tu)(tu)破口實(shi)施貫(guan)穿式執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)檢(jian)查(cha)，增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)隨(sui)機抽查(cha)頻率，提升(sheng)(sheng)檢(jian)查(cha)組成員(yuan)中專(zhuan)家(jia)比重(zhong)，提升(sheng)(sheng)監(jian)管(guan)隊伍整(zheng)體專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)素(su)(su)(su)質，扭住“進(jin)”“銷”兩個環節，嚴厲打擊原材料進(jin)貨不規(gui)范與銷售(shou)給無油(you)(you)品(pin)批(pi)發經營渠道銷售(shou)者等(deng)行為(wei)，加(jia)(jia)大對(dui)(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)非法(fa)(fa)調和汽（柴）油(you)(you)及(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)不合格車(che)用(yong)尿素(su)(su)(su)行為(wei)的(de)處罰力(li)度。同時，執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)機關應轉變執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)理(li)(li)念，加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)對(dui)(dui)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)引領疏導，以(yi)國家(jia)油(you)(you)品(pin)質量(liang)標(biao)準為(wei)基礎(chu)幫助企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)建立規(gui)范化(hua)、體系(xi)化(hua)的(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)質量(liang)標(biao)準體系(xi)；實(shi)現市場監(jian)督(du)管(guan)理(li)(li)部門(men)(men)與生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)對(dui)(dui)接，加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務指導，提高企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)質量(liang)監(jian)測(ce)檢(jian)查(cha)能力(li)；促進(jin)科研機構與生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)交流(liu)與合作，幫助企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)突(tu)(tu)破技術瓶頸。

2.對油(you)品及(ji)車(che)用(yong)尿(niao)素(su)銷售(shou)環節實施分(fen)階段(duan)執法部署。“黑加油(you)站(zhan)”“流(liu)動加油(you)站(zhan)”等(deng)(deng)是不合(he)格(ge)油(you)品及(ji)車(che)用(yong)尿(niao)素(su)主要銷售(shou)來(lai)源，這些(xie)站(zhan)點(dian)多(duo)分(fen)布于鄉(xiang)鎮等(deng)(deng)基層地區(qu)，執法力量薄弱，監管(guan)存在空白。為此，執法部門(men)應進行分(fen)階段(duan)執法工作部署，具(ju)體包括排查摸底、聯合(he)執法、建立長效監管(guan)機制等(deng)(deng)。[19]

3.彌補油(you)品(pin)(pin)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車用(yong)(yong)尿素(su)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)環(huan)節執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)空白。國(guo)家對(dui)油(you)品(pin)(pin)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車用(yong)(yong)尿素(su)的(de)市場(chang)執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)監(jian)(jian)管主要集(ji)中(zhong)于生產、銷售環(huan)節，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)環(huan)節市場(chang)監(jian)(jian)管乏力，目前(qian)僅有(you)京津冀等部(bu)分地(di)區(qu)(qu)對(dui)油(you)品(pin)(pin)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車用(yong)(yong)尿素(su)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)環(huan)節執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)做出(chu)了(le)相關(guan)規定(ding)，由于規定(ding)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)較晚，操(cao)作過程(cheng)中(zhong)仍有(you)諸多不(bu)足之(zhi)處。目前(qian)，針對(dui)油(you)品(pin)(pin)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車用(yong)(yong)尿素(su)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)環(huan)節執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)應堅持重(zhong)點(dian)導向(xiang)，將(jiang)大型客貨(huo)車的(de)柴油(you)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車用(yong)(yong)尿素(su)列(lie)為重(zhong)點(dian)監(jian)(jian)管對(dui)象，將(jiang)客運站、物流(liu)園區(qu)(qu)、工(gong)廠(chang)、建(jian)筑工(gong)地(di)等列(lie)為重(zhong)點(dian)監(jian)(jian)管區(qu)(qu)域，堅持實(shi)(shi)(shi)時監(jian)(jian)測與不(bu)定(ding)時抽(chou)(chou)測相結合原則(ze)，除入戶逐車開展油(you)品(pin)(pin)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車用(yong)(yong)尿素(su)監(jian)(jian)督抽(chou)(chou)查外(wai)，要求營運客貨(huo)車輛(liang)安裝遠程(cheng)排放監(jian)(jian)控(kong)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)定(ding)位系統，與生態環(huan)境(jing)、市場(chang)監(jian)(jian)管等部(bu)門實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)聯網，以確保實(shi)(shi)(shi)時監(jian)(jian)控(kong)。此外(wai)，相關(guan)部(bu)門在(zai)執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)過程(cheng)中(zhong)應堅持依(yi)法(fa)(fa)行(xing)政原則(ze)、比例(li)原則(ze)，科學制定(ding)抽(chou)(chou)檢(jian)油(you)品(pin)(pin)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)尿素(su)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)，如果(guo)抽(chou)(chou)檢(jian)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)較大，應及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)時依(yi)市場(chang)價(jia)格給予補償，減少官民沖突，降低車主損(sun)失(shi)。

（三）建立道路交通疏導的科學化(hua)執法機制(zhi)

1.推進道(dao)路(lu)交通(tong)執法(fa)智慧(hui)(hui)化平臺建設(she)。交通(tong)事故應(ying)急響應(ying)滯后、道(dao)路(lu)擁堵(du)(du)反(fan)應(ying)不及時(shi)(shi)、交通(tong)信息(xi)系統數(shu)(shu)據挖掘(jue)能力差等(deng)問(wen)題(ti)都深刻反(fan)映出執法(fa)部(bu)門(men)(men)對于(yu)道(dao)路(lu)交通(tong)擁堵(du)(du)缺乏智慧(hui)(hui)化解(jie)決方案。因此，以(yi)“大(da)數(shu)(shu)據分析”等(deng)先進技術支撐(cheng)，為道(dao)路(lu)執法(fa)隊伍加(jia)裝(zhuang)智慧(hui)(hui)化大(da)腦刻不容緩。具體而言(yan)，公安交警部(bu)門(men)(men)應(ying)作為智慧(hui)(hui)化大(da)數(shu)(shu)據平臺主(zhu)體，整合(he)其它道(dao)路(lu)交通(tong)領域執法(fa)部(bu)門(men)(men)現有(you)數(shu)(shu)據，構(gou)建道(dao)路(lu)交通(tong)執法(fa)云數(shu)(shu)據存儲中心，該中心以(yi)“治堵(du)(du)”為目標，實現與(yu)(yu)生態環境(jing)部(bu)門(men)(men)機動車(che)(che)污(wu)染排放監測設(she)備與(yu)(yu)道(dao)路(lu)機動車(che)(che)流量統計監測設(she)備的聯網，利用大(da)數(shu)(shu)據技術將相關信息(xi)進行充分挖掘(jue)，將機動車(che)(che)污(wu)染排放與(yu)(yu)道(dao)路(lu)交通(tong)擁堵(du)(du)狀(zhuang)況向執法(fa)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)與(yu)(yu)車(che)(che)主(zhu)及時(shi)(shi)反(fan)饋，促使執法(fa)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)快速有(you)效參與(yu)(yu)道(dao)路(lu)擁堵(du)(du)疏導(dao)，引導(dao)車(che)(che)主(zhu)及時(shi)(shi)改變行車(che)(che)路(lu)線，避免大(da)規(gui)模道(dao)路(lu)交通(tong)擁堵(du)(du)。

2.建(jian)立擁(yong)(yong)堵(du)點治(zhi)理(li)改(gai)善滾(gun)動(dong)實施(shi)工作(zuo)機(ji)(ji)制。城市(shi)建(jian)設帶來(lai)城市(shi)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通的動(dong)態變(bian)化，執(zhi)法部(bu)門應建(jian)立擁(yong)(yong)堵(du)點治(zhi)理(li)改(gai)善滾(gun)動(dong)實施(shi)工作(zuo)機(ji)(ji)制，將工作(zuo)計劃與重點執(zhi)法區域根據(ju)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通變(bian)化情(qing)況適時(shi)調整，以年(nian)度(du)為(wei)單位、以大數(shu)據(ju)平臺為(wei)依(yi)托(tuo)，對各(ge)區域道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通狀況進行擁(yong)(yong)堵(du)指數(shu)分析，根據(ju)數(shu)據(ju)的變(bian)化制定(ding)年(nian)度(du)工作(zuo)規(gui)劃，對道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通滾(gun)動(dong)開展(zhan)擁(yong)(yong)堵(du)微(wei)治(zhi)理(li)，根據(ju)擁(yong)(yong)堵(du)規(gui)模及擁(yong)(yong)堵(du)時(shi)間特點規(gui)劃潮汐車道(dao)(dao)與潮汐車位，適時(shi)打通城市(shi)內(nei)部(bu)阡陌巷道(dao)(dao)，構建(jian)內(nei)部(bu)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通微(wei)循環體(ti)系。

3.提升道路(lu)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)隊(dui)伍的(de)專(zhuan)業化執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)水平。機(ji)動車(che)污(wu)(wu)染執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)應積(ji)極響應現(xian)階段機(ji)動車(che)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)、城(cheng)市道路(lu)交通治理等(deng)(deng)方(fang)面(mian)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)趨勢，將理論培訓與執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)演(yan)練相結合(he)(he)，要求(qiu)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)人員熟練掌(zhang)握機(ji)動車(che)污(wu)(wu)染執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)程(cheng)序、機(ji)動車(che)污(wu)(wu)染防(fang)治政策法(fa)(fa)(fa)律制度(du)，適(shi)應機(ji)動車(che)污(wu)(wu)染防(fang)治多部(bu)門聯合(he)(he)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)常態，建立多部(bu)門聯合(he)(he)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)演(yan)練機(ji)制。[20]通過(guo)組(zu)織授課、交流參觀等(deng)(deng)形式(shi)加強(qiang)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)人員對機(ji)動車(che)機(ji)械構造、機(ji)動車(che)污(wu)(wu)染物排放構成(cheng)等(deng)(deng)專(zhuan)業知識的(de)掌(zhang)握，提高(gao)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)工作的(de)科學性(xing)、有(you)序性(xing)。此外，執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)部(bu)門應轉化執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)思維，加強(qiang)民眾引導，鼓(gu)勵民眾積(ji)極參與機(ji)動車(che)污(wu)(wu)染防(fang)治生(sheng)態環(huan)境體系共建過(guo)程(cheng)，強(qiang)化社(she)會監督(du)，減少因(yin)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)引發(fa)的(de)官民碰(peng)撞(zhuang)。

五、結語