99久久精品费精品国产

再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)規(gui)模化(hua)(hua)難點(dian)在(zai)于(yu)回(hui)收(shou)(shou)體系(xi)難以實現規(gui)模化(hua)(hua)，最(zui)根(gen)本(ben)原因仍然(ran)是(shi)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)秩序不(bu)(bu)規(gui)范不(bu)(bu)健康(kang)和產(chan)業(ye)(ye)政策導(dao)向(xiang)不(bu)(bu)明導(dao)致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)質企(qi)業(ye)(ye)缺位，同時也(ye)與我國(guo)所處發(fa)展階段相關，由于(yu)地(di)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)回(hui)收(shou)(shou)站(zhan)點(dian)被取締或拆(chai)除(chu)，或者(zhe)(zhe)受物業(ye)(ye)公(gong)司的(de)(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)，仍然(ran)存在(zai)大量從事回(hui)收(shou)(shou)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)個體經營者(zhe)(zhe)，規(gui)范的(de)(de)(de)(de)流動回(hui)收(shou)(shou)點(dian)被阻擋在(zai)小區之(zhi)外(wai)，無(wu)證照(zhao)、無(wu)管(guan)理(li)、無(wu)組織(zhi)、無(wu)環(huan)保手續的(de)(de)(de)(de)游擊回(hui)收(shou)(shou)隊伍用(yong)較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)格截走(zou)了大量再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)，導(dao)致(zhi)正規(gui)加(jia)工利(li)用(yong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)“吃不(bu)(bu)飽(bao)”、“劣(lie)幣驅逐良幣”的(de)(de)(de)(de)現象，整體尚(shang)未具備大規(gui)模產(chan)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)市場條件。資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)(hua)難點(dian)在(zai)于(yu)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)回(hui)收(shou)(shou)仍然(ran)為簡單(dan)買賣，利(li)潤微(wei)薄(bo)(bo)，對于(yu)部(bu)分高(gao)(gao)值化(hua)(hua)品(pin)種(zhong)，資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)(hua)利(li)用(yong)程(cheng)度較(jiao)高(gao)(gao);對于(yu)低(di)品(pin)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)塑料、廢(fei)舊(jiu)紡織(zhi)品(pin)、廢(fei)玻璃等由于(yu)環(huan)保投入大、經營利(li)潤微(wei)薄(bo)(bo)，回(hui)收(shou)(shou)利(li)用(yong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)沒有(you)動力投入技(ji)術和裝(zhuang)備進行(xing)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)(hua)提升。來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工業(ye)(ye)類再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)由于(yu)存在(zai)相關的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)漏洞，不(bu)(bu)能形(xing)成(cheng)健康(kang)、規(gui)范的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)易模式，導(dao)致(zhi)交(jiao)易成(cheng)本(ben)高(gao)(gao)。

3、推廣再生產(chan)品的使用面(mian)臨不少挑戰

長期以來，再(zai)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)在(zai)國內推廣(guang)使用(yong)情況(kuang)并不理想，究(jiu)其(qi)原(yuan)因(yin)主要有三(san)點：一(yi)(yi)是(shi)當前的(de)廣(guang)大消費者對于利用(yong)再(zai)生(sheng)資(zi)源(yuan)加(jia)工的(de)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)消費因(yin)為(wei)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)標(biao)準、消費習慣等(deng)原(yuan)因(yin)接受(shou)程(cheng)度有限，導致消費者購買使用(yong)再(zai)生(sheng)資(zi)源(yuan)加(jia)工產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)主觀意愿較弱(ruo);二(er)是(shi)再(zai)生(sheng)資(zi)源(yuan)加(jia)工產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)相關制度頂(ding)層設(she)(she)計(ji)缺位。實現再(zai)生(sheng)資(zi)源(yuan)為(wei)原(yuan)料的(de)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)大范(fan)圍(wei)推廣(guang)需(xu)將再(zai)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)消費與環(huan)境(jing)稅、集團采購、社會信用(yong)評(ping)級(ji)等(deng)掛鉤，給相關生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)企業帶來良(liang)性生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)，也為(wei)再(zai)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)消費創造市場氛圍(wei)，以上政(zheng)策制度遠遠沒有形成;三(san)是(shi)再(zai)生(sheng)資(zi)源(yuan)加(jia)工產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)標(biao)準、設(she)(she)計(ji)和標(biao)識(shi)尚(shang)需(xu)規范(fan)，目(mu)前國內再(zai)生(sheng)資(zi)源(yuan)加(jia)工產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)量認證機制尚(shang)不完(wan)整，市面(mian)上存(cun)在(zai)諸多再(zai)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)標(biao)識(shi)不統(tong)一(yi)(yi)、不規范(fan)等(deng)現象，一(yi)(yi)定程(cheng)度上給消費者帶了(le)誤導和疑慮(lv)。

4、生產者責任(ren)延伸制落實不到位

生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)者責(ze)(ze)任延(yan)伸把生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)者對其(qi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)承(cheng)擔的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)源環境(jing)責(ze)(ze)任從生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)環節延(yan)伸到產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)設(she)(she)計、流通(tong)消(xiao)費、回(hui)(hui)收(shou)利用(yong)、廢(fei)物(wu)處置等(deng)(deng)全(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)周期，其(qi)較(jiao)為(wei)適用(yong)于廢(fei)棄(qi)物(wu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)量(liang)大(da)(da)、排放(fang)面廣、回(hui)(hui)收(shou)不集(ji)中(zhong)、環境(jing)影響大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)品(pin)，典型的(de)(de)(de)如(ru)汽車、電(dian)(dian)(dian)器電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)、復合包裝物(wu)、鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池等(deng)(deng)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)者責(ze)(ze)任延(yan)伸實(shi)施的(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)是通(tong)過(guo)政策誘因(yin)(yin)讓生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)者直接建立回(hui)(hui)收(shou)渠道，或者委托其(qi)他機構建立回(hui)(hui)收(shou)渠道，并(bing)且從源頭設(she)(she)計之(zhi)初便考(kao)慮產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)而改善產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)使用(yong)后的(de)(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)性(xing)能。事實(shi)上(shang)，當前(qian)國(guo)內部(bu)分(fen)細分(fen)領域(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)者責(ze)(ze)任延(yan)伸落實(shi)并(bing)不理(li)想，以廢(fei)棄(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)為(wei)例，我國(guo)從2012年開始以條例形式對廢(fei)棄(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)實(shi)行(xing)基(ji)金化管理(li)，但執行(xing)過(guo)程中(zhong)卻因(yin)(yin)為(wei)各種原因(yin)(yin)導致廢(fei)棄(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)處理(li)基(ji)金不能按時足額發放(fang)，補(bu)貼(tie)下撥周期一再(zai)拉長(chang)，目前(qian)只補(bu)貼(tie)到2018年之(zhi)前(qian)，巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)流動資(zi)金壓力使處理(li)企業不堪重(zhong)負，全(quan)(quan)國(guo)109家按照基(ji)金管理(li)制度建立起來的(de)(de)(de)正規拆解企業進入生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)死存亡的(de)(de)(de)寒冬期，也引(yin)發了廢(fei)棄(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)非法(fa)拆解有卷土重(zhong)來的(de)(de)(de)風險。

5、稅收問(wen)題依舊是行業的頑疾

再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)與一(yi)般(ban)商(shang)品(pin)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)不(bu)同(tong)：一(yi)般(ban)商(shang)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流通(tong)是(shi)從(cong)(cong)批量(liang)(liang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)再(zai)(zai)(zai)到(dao)分(fen)(fen)散(san)銷(xiao)售(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)，從(cong)(cong)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)到(dao)分(fen)(fen)散(san);而再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)企業(ye)(ye)則是(shi)從(cong)(cong)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)再(zai)(zai)(zai)到(dao)銷(xiao)售(shou)，是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)從(cong)(cong)分(fen)(fen)散(san)到(dao)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)。受到(dao)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)特點(dian)限(xian)制(zhi)，再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)有(you)80%-90%為社會生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)活中(zhong)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)舊(jiu)物資(zi)(zi)(zi)，在(zai)廢(fei)舊(jiu)物資(zi)(zi)(zi)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，涉(she)及到(dao)產(chan)廢(fei)企業(ye)(ye)、個(ge)(ge)體(ti)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)戶、收(shou)(shou)(shou)廢(fei)企業(ye)(ye)以及用廢(fei)企業(ye)(ye)。在(zai)這個(ge)(ge)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈條(tiao)中(zhong)，中(zhong)間環節(jie)涉(she)及到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)象(xiang)大多(duo)(duo)是(shi)“拾荒者”、“零散(san)戶”等群體(ti)，能(neng)(neng)夠獲得(de)(de)(de)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)執(zhi)照的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)并不(bu)多(duo)(duo)，更無法(fa)對(dui)外開具增值稅(shui)專用發票。而目前(qian)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)利用行(xing)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稅(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)政(zheng)策是(shi)參(can)照一(yi)般(ban)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)制(zhi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，沒(mei)有(you)考慮到(dao)本行(xing)業(ye)(ye)前(qian)端收(shou)(shou)(shou)購個(ge)(ge)體(ti)分(fen)(fen)散(san)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)，導致(zhi)規(gui)模(mo)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)企業(ye)(ye)沒(mei)有(you)進(jin)項發票，只能(neng)(neng)按(an)照銷(xiao)售(shou)額全(quan)額繳納13%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增值稅(shui)，再(zai)(zai)(zai)疊加所得(de)(de)(de)稅(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，合計稅(shui)負在(zai)12-16%之間，遠高(gao)于大多(duo)(duo)數行(xing)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)均增值稅(shui)稅(shui)負水平(ping)。雖(sui)然國家稅(shui)務(wu)總(zong)局2018年第28號公告對(dui)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)企業(ye)(ye)稅(shui)前(qian)扣(kou)除(chu)憑證給予了明(ming)確，但各地執(zhi)行(xing)尺度不(bu)一(yi)，導致(zhi)前(qian)端獲取進(jin)項成本相(xiang)差懸(xuan)殊，大型規(gui)范回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)企業(ye)(ye)由于不(bu)能(neng)(neng)獲得(de)(de)(de)前(qian)端合法(fa)進(jin)項，不(bu)得(de)(de)(de)不(bu)縮減經(jing)(jing)營(ying)規(gui)模(mo)甚至停(ting)止經(jing)(jing)營(ying)。例(li)如，2018年我國廢(fei)紙(zhi)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)企業(ye)(ye)20強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)量(liang)(liang)較2017年下降了34.27%，骨(gu)干(gan)龍頭企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)紙(zhi)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)量(liang)(liang)大幅減少，行(xing)業(ye)(ye)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)度明(ming)顯下降，個(ge)(ge)別行(xing)業(ye)(ye)龍頭回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)企業(ye)(ye)因涉(she)稅(shui)風險陷入發展困境(jing)。

不過，令人(ren)欣喜(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是在去年的(de)(de)(de)(de)最后(hou)一(yi)個月，財政部(bu)、國稅(shui)(shui)(shui)總局接連發布《環(huan)境保護、節能節水項目企(qi)業所(suo)得稅(shui)(shui)(shui)優(you)惠(hui)(hui)目錄(lu)(lu)(2021年版)》《資源(yuan)(yuan)綜合(he)利用(yong)企(qi)業所(suo)得稅(shui)(shui)(shui)優(you)惠(hui)(hui)目錄(lu)(lu)(2021年版)》《關(guan)于完善資源(yuan)(yuan)綜合(he)利用(yong)增(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)政策的(de)(de)(de)(de)公告》，對(dui)原優(you)惠(hui)(hui)目錄(lu)(lu)項和指標(biao)進行增(zeng)(zeng)減和調整，進一(yi)步明確(que)(que)優(you)惠(hui)(hui)期;明確(que)(que)從(cong)2022年3月1日起，從(cong)事再(zai)生(sheng)資源(yuan)(yuan)回收(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)納稅(shui)(shui)(shui)人(ren)銷(xiao)售(shou)(shou)其收(shou)(shou)購(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)再(zai)生(sheng)資源(yuan)(yuan)，可以(yi)選擇適(shi)用(yong)簡易(yi)計(ji)(ji)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)方法依(yi)照3%征收(shou)(shou)率計(ji)(ji)算繳(jiao)(jiao)納增(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)，或適(shi)用(yong)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)計(ji)(ji)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)方法計(ji)(ji)算繳(jiao)(jiao)納增(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui);增(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)納稅(shui)(shui)(shui)人(ren)銷(xiao)售(shou)(shou)自產的(de)(de)(de)(de)資源(yuan)(yuan)綜合(he)利用(yong)產品和提供(gong)資源(yuan)(yuan)綜合(he)利用(yong)勞務，可享受增(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)即征即退(tui)政策。同時，新政明確(que)(que)將重(zhong)點打擊利用(yong)“稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)洼地”效應影響行業發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)不規范行為。

五、行業(ye)2022年(nian)及今(jin)后一(yi)個時(shi)期發(fa)展的(de)總方(fang)向(xiang)：規范、綠色、融合、資質

1、政策(ce)對回(hui)收體系建設的(de)規范(fan)性(xing)要求愈(yu)加(jia)嚴格(ge)

整(zheng)體(ti)看來，國(guo)內再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)利(li)用(yong)(yong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)發展監督管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)日漸(jian)完(wan)善。早在2015年(nian)商務部等五部委關(guan)(guan)(guan)于印發《再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)系(xi)建設(she)(she)中(zhong)長期規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(2015-2020年(nian))》，明確再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)系(xi)建設(she)(she)目標、主要(yao)任務和重(zhong)點工(gong)(gong)程;2018年(nian)，國(guo)務院辦(ban)公廳轉發《生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)垃圾分類(lei)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)實(shi)施方案(an)》，要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)到2020年(nian)年(nian)底，基本(ben)建立垃圾分類(lei)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)和標準(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)，并建立與再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)利(li)用(yong)(yong)相(xiang)協調的(de)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)系(xi)。國(guo)家相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)部委發布《關(guan)(guan)(guan)于推進(jin)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)利(li)用(yong)(yong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)轉型升(sheng)級的(de)意見》《關(guan)(guan)(guan)于進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)加(jia)強塑料(liao)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)意見》《生(sheng)(sheng)產者責(ze)任延伸制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)推行(xing)(xing)(xing)方案(an)》，尤(you)其是新修訂(ding)的(de)《固體(ti)廢(fei)物(wu)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)環(huan)境(jing)防治(zhi)法(fa)》的(de)實(shi)施細則開(kai)始(shi)逐步(bu)落實(shi)，進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)強化了對再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)的(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)，為全面推進(jin)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)利(li)用(yong)(yong)體(ti)系(xi)建設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)提(ti)供(gong)了政策(ce)支(zhi)撐。2021年(nian)7月，國(guo)家發改委印發《“十四(si)五”循(xun)環(huan)經(jing)濟發展規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)》，明確提(ti)出“布局、規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)建設(she)(she)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)網絡體(ti)系(xi)，并實(shi)施再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)利(li)用(yong)(yong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)，提(ti)升(sheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)化水平，促進(jin)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)向優勢企(qi)(qi)業(ye)集(ji)聚”。2021年(nian)12月，生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)部發布《一(yi)般(ban)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)固體(ti)廢(fei)物(wu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)臺賬制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)指(zhi)南(試(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing))》，要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)產廢(fei)單位如實(shi)記錄工(gong)(gong)業(ye)固體(ti)廢(fei)物(wu)的(de)種類(lei)、產生(sheng)(sheng)量、流(liu)向、貯存(cun)、利(li)用(yong)(yong)、處(chu)(chu)置等信息(xi)，對于接收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)固廢(fei)的(de)處(chu)(chu)置企(qi)(qi)業(ye)，尤(you)其是接收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)能夠進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)化利(li)用(yong)(yong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)固廢(fei)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)提(ti)出了“有(you)能力(li)和有(you)條件”的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，也促進(jin)了回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)利(li)用(yong)(yong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)化。此(ci)外，相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)也部門(men)發布了《綠色(se)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)分揀中(zhong)心建設(she)(she)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)》《再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)體(ti)系(xi)建設(she)(she)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)》《再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)產業(ye)園區分類(lei)與基本(ben)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)》《廢(fei)紙加(jia)工(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)條件》等30余項國(guo)家(行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)、團體(ti))行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)標準(zhun)(zhun)，為再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)站點、分揀中(zhong)心、重(zhong)點品類(lei)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)利(li)用(yong)(yong)的(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)化建設(she)(she)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)提(ti)供(gong)了依據(ju)，為政府部門(men)提(ti)供(gong)了管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)抓手。

2、加工利用端(duan)的技術規范與標準體系不斷完善

為(wei)推動(dong)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)揀(jian)(jian)加(jia)工環(huan)節的(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)發展(zhan)，工信部陸(lu)續出臺了(le)(le)《廢(fei)(fei)鋼(gang)鐵加(jia)工行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)準入(ru)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)》《廢(fei)(fei)塑(su)料綜(zong)(zong)合(he)利(li)(li)用(yong)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)》、《廢(fei)(fei)舊(jiu)輪(lun)胎綜(zong)(zong)合(he)利(li)(li)用(yong)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)》《新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)汽(qi)(qi)車廢(fei)(fei)舊(jiu)動(dong)力蓄(xu)電池綜(zong)(zong)合(he)利(li)(li)用(yong)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)》《再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)鉛行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)》《廢(fei)(fei)紙(zhi)加(jia)工行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)》等系列文件(jian)(jian)，促進(jin)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)利(li)(li)用(yong)端技術進(jin)步以(yi)及規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)化發展(zhan)。同(tong)時(shi)，工信部公示多批廢(fei)(fei)鋼(gang)鐵、廢(fei)(fei)塑(su)料、廢(fei)(fei)舊(jiu)輪(lun)胎、新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)汽(qi)(qi)車廢(fei)(fei)舊(jiu)動(dong)力蓄(xu)電池綜(zong)(zong)合(he)利(li)(li)用(yong)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)名單，入(ru)圍企業(ye)(ye)(ye)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)范(fan)(fan)(fan)圍基本(ben)上是能(neng)夠(gou)做到(dao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)化回收(shou)與分(fen)揀(jian)(jian)加(jia)工，且具備(bei)合(he)規(gui)(gui)(gui)經(jing)營場地和(he)加(jia)工設(she)施設(she)備(bei)，對引導(dao)和(he)推動(dong)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)加(jia)工利(li)(li)用(yong)環(huan)節的(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)化起到(dao)了(le)(le)重(zhong)要(yao)作(zuo)用(yong)。此外，商(shang)務(wu)部于2021年(nian)初印發了(le)(le)《再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)綠(lv)色分(fen)揀(jian)(jian)中心建設(she)管理(li)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)》，新增了(le)(le)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)型(xing)分(fen)揀(jian)(jian)中心的(de)定義和(he)設(she)計要(yao)求，并對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)源(yuan)(yuan)可回收(shou)物分(fen)揀(jian)(jian)中心的(de)廠區面積和(he)加(jia)工能(neng)力進(jin)行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)適(shi)度放寬;首(shou)次提出單位(wei)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)揀(jian)(jian)量能(neng)耗(hao)、水(shui)耗(hao)等概(gai)念，接軌(gui)碳達(da)峰碳中和(he)，使(shi)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)參與者更加(jia)有章可循(xun)。

3、“新(xin)固廢法”以及排污(wu)許(xu)可證管理(li)制深入實施

“新固(gu)(gu)廢(fei)(fei)法(fa)”的(de)(de)實施(shi)，涵蓋了對工(gong)業(ye)(ye)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)、生活(huo)垃(la)(la)圾、建(jian)筑垃(la)(la)圾和農業(ye)(ye)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)、危(wei)險廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)等多方(fang)面的(de)(de)防治內容，其(qi)除了明確“垃(la)(la)圾減量”的(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)與方(fang)式，也強化(hua)了政(zheng)府(fu)及其(qi)有(you)關(guan)(guan)部門監(jian)督管(guan)理責(ze)(ze)任(ren)，明確目標責(ze)(ze)任(ren)制(zhi)、信(xin)(xin)用記錄、聯防聯控(kong)、全過程監(jian)控(kong)和信(xin)(xin)息化(hua)追溯等制(zhi)度(du)(du)，體(ti)(ti)現(xian)了“用最嚴格制(zhi)度(du)(du)、最嚴密法(fa)治保護(hu)生態(tai)環境”的(de)(de)思路，被稱為(wei)“史上(shang)最嚴”，有(you)助于推動兩網融合的(de)(de)進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)深化(hua)。2021年(nian)，生態(tai)環境部先后(hou)印發(fa)(fa)《排(pai)污許(xu)(xu)可證(zheng)(zheng)申請與核(he)發(fa)(fa)技術規(gui)范工(gong)業(ye)(ye)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)(試行)》《關(guan)(guan)于開展(zhan)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)排(pai)污許(xu)(xu)可管(guan)理工(gong)作的(de)(de)通知》《一(yi)(yi)般工(gong)業(ye)(ye)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)管(guan)理臺賬(zhang)制(zhi)定(ding)指南(試行)》，逐步(bu)將(jiang)(jiang)產(chan)生工(gong)業(ye)(ye)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)環境管(guan)理要求納入其(qi)排(pai)污許(xu)(xu)可證(zheng)(zheng)，此舉將(jiang)(jiang)進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)落實產(chan)廢(fei)(fei)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)主體(ti)(ti)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)，進而對于再(zai)生資源回收利用規(gui)范化(hua)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)帶(dai)來利好。有(you)能力和有(you)條件的(de)(de)再(zai)生資源企業(ye)(ye)將(jiang)(jiang)能夠直接(jie)從產(chan)廢(fei)(fei)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)獲得有(you)價(jia)值的(de)(de)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)廢(fei)(fei)棄物(wu)，有(you)助于減少(shao)中間環節，提高(gao)經濟效益(yi)。

4、條件資質獲取和能力(li)建設成(cheng)為未來企業發展的(de)重(zhong)點

國家(jia)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)改革委《“十四(si)五(wu)”循環經(jing)濟發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)規(gui)(gui)劃》、生態環境部《“十四(si)五(wu)”時期“無(wu)廢城市(shi)(shi)”建設工(gong)作(zuo)方(fang)(fang)案》和《關(guan)于建立工(gong)業(ye)固廢轉移臺賬管理制度》、北京市(shi)(shi)《關(guan)于加強(qiang)北京市(shi)(shi)可回收(shou)物體系(xi)建設的(de)意見》均明確(que)提(ti)出：“鼓勵采取特(te)許經(jing)營等方(fang)(fang)式(shi)，適度，重點(dian)培育市(shi)(shi)場龍頭企(qi)業(ye)，鼓勵企(qi)業(ye)開展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全鏈(lian)條運營”。這種情況下，回收(shou)企(qi)業(ye)要(yao)想獲(huo)得一(yi)個區(qu)域回收(shou)利(li)用體系(xi)的(de)特(te)許經(jing)營權(quan)，必(bi)須在(zai)資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)、條件、能力等方(fang)(fang)面優(you)于競爭對手，必(bi)須結合自身的(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)戰(zhan)略、業(ye)務領(ling)域、財務狀況等條件，著力提(ti)升回收(shou)網點(dian)的(de)規(gui)(gui)范性(xing)經(jing)營、再生資(zi)(zi)源綠色分揀中心建設、物質(zhi)流管理平(ping)臺、人員(yuan)培訓、預警能力等方(fang)(fang)面的(de)能力。國家(jia)未(wei)來(lai)提(ti)供(gong)的(de)優(you)惠支持(chi)政策(ce)也逐(zhu)漸會向有(you)分揀加工(gong)園區(qu)、技術(shu)裝備(bei)齊(qi)全、資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)完善的(de)企(qi)業(ye)傾斜(xie)。

再(zai)生資源回收利用與建設綠色(se)、低碳、循環(huan)發(fa)展產(chan)業(ye)(ye)體系緊密相(xiang)關，與國家碳達峰碳中和目標的(de)(de)實現(xian)高度(du)關聯[5]。為推動行業(ye)(ye)高質量(liang)發(fa)展，國家相(xiang)關部門(men)近期利好(hao)政(zheng)策密集出臺(tai)，一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)推動行業(ye)(ye)實現(xian)轉(zhuan)型升(sheng)級發(fa)展;另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)行業(ye)(ye)也面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)臨著重新洗牌，傳統業(ye)(ye)務(wu)模式面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)臨挑戰。如何(he)緊緊抓住政(zheng)策紅利，順應時代發(fa)展，是(shi)我(wo)們從業(ye)(ye)人(ren)員2022年(nian)及今后一(yi)個時期面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)臨的(de)(de)新抉擇。

基金項目：2019年(nian)科技部“固(gu)廢資(zi)源化(hua)”重點專項“生活(huo)垃(la)圾(ji)分(fen)類回收模式(shi)與智慧環衛(wei)關鍵裝備”(2018YFC1900700);課題(ti)城(cheng)鎮生活(huo)垃(la)圾(ji)分(fen)類回收、精細(xi)分(fen)揀(jian)等智能化(hua)裝備(2018YFC1900703)的階段研究成果。

參考文獻(xian)：

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[2]商務部.中(zhong)國再生資源回收行業發展報告(gao).2016-2020.

[3]潘永剛(gang),唐艷菊,成宇(yu)濤.再生資源回收利用行業(ye)“十四五(wu)”發(fa)展規(gui)劃思考[J].環境保護,2020,48(12):44-51.

[4]潘永剛(gang),張卉聰.關(guan)于構建(jian)我(wo)國“無廢(fei)城市”再生(sheng)資源綠色回(hui)收體(ti)系的建(jian)議[J].環境保護,2019(2): 30-36.