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國家(jia)發改委(wei)能(neng)源研究所：動力電池(chi)回收利(li)用刻不容緩

截(jie)至2022年，我國新能(neng)源(yuan)汽車產銷量已(yi)經連(lian)續8年保(bao)持全球第一。伴(ban)隨著車市的爆(bao)發式增長，動力(li)電池(chi)“退役潮”也接踵而至。為(wei)強化新能(neng)源(yuan)汽車動力(li)電池(chi)回收(shou)利(li)(li)用，完善(shan)(shan)制度建設和溯源(yuan)管(guan)理(li)，工信部近日組織召(zhao)開工作座談(tan)會，圍繞完善(shan)(shan)動力(li)電池(chi)回收(shou)利(li)(li)用政策(ce)標準體系、加快資源(yuan)化利(li)(li)用關鍵技術升級等問(wen)題建言(yan)獻策(ce)。

回收利用是降(jiang)低動(dong)力電池綜合(he)使(shi)用成本的(de)有效(xiao)途徑。動力電(dian)池退役(yi)(yi)時還保有70%至(zhi)80%剩(sheng)余(yu)儲(chu)電(dian)能(neng)力，可(ke)廣(guang)泛用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)電(dian)力系(xi)統儲(chu)能(neng)、通信(xin)基站備(bei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)、低(di)(di)速電(dian)動車、電(dian)動叉車等領(ling)域，電(dian)池梯(ti)次利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)可(ke)充分挖掘其(qi)剩(sheng)余(yu)價值，降低(di)(di)電(dian)池用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)全生(sheng)命周期使用(yong)(yong)(yong)成本。此外(wai)，退役(yi)(yi)的廢舊電(dian)池也(ye)是鋰、鈷、鎳等電(dian)池上游原(yuan)料的重要來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)，尤其(qi)在(zai)新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)汽(qi)車需求快速增長背景下，電(dian)池原(yuan)材(cai)料供不應求。退役(yi)(yi)電(dian)池回收利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)可(ke)有效緩解上游資源(yuan)(yuan)擴產壓力，降低(di)(di)關鍵礦產資源(yuan)(yuan)對外(wai)依存度。

推動回收利用是降低動力電池環(huan)境污染的必要措施。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)生產環(huan)(huan)節能耗水平(ping)高，排放強度大(da)，其中正負極、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液、隔膜等(deng)材料(liao)制備(bei)過(guo)程(cheng)更是占到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)生產能耗的(de)一半(ban)以(yi)上。由于(yu)梯次利用(yong)(yong)省去了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)材料(liao)制備(bei)環(huan)(huan)節，其環(huan)(huan)境(jing)影響大(da)幅下降，而采用(yong)(yong)再生材料(liao)生產的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)相(xiang)比(bi)常規生產方(fang)式(shi)能耗強度更低(di)(di)(di)，也可顯(xian)著降低(di)(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)排放水平(ping)。近期歐盟(meng)出(chu)臺《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)與廢電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)法(fa)規》要(yao)求對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)分階段實施(shi)碳足(zu)跡披露、性能等(deng)分級(ji)和最大(da)限(xian)值，并規定了(le)最低(di)(di)(di)回(hui)收(shou)目標(biao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商需自費組織廢舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)分類收(shou)集、運(yun)輸、回(hui)收(shou)事宜(yi)，未滿足(zu)相(xiang)關要(yao)求的(de)或將被禁止進入(ru)歐盟(meng)市場。2022年(nian)我國鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)出(chu)口數額超過(guo)3400億元，同比(bi)增長86.7%，創歷史新高。做好電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)回(hui)收(shou)利用(yong)(yong)工作，有(you)助于(yu)降低(di)(di)(di)國產電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)碳足(zu)跡，提升出(chu)口產品國際(ji)競爭力。

做好(hao)回收利用是提升動(dong)力電池安全水(shui)平的重要手段(duan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車使(shi)用(yong)階段(duan)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)環(huan)境、工況不同，退役動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容量保持(chi)率不一致，安全(quan)事(shi)故的(de)誘(you)發(fa)(fa)因素(su)和薄弱環(huan)節與新電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)存(cun)在差(cha)異，這也使(shi)退役動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)安全(quan)性評估(gu)變得更(geng)加復雜(za)。目前，國內動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)回收(shou)(shou)體系尚不完善，不少從事(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)回收(shou)(shou)業務(wu)的(de)小微(wei)企(qi)業或店(dian)鋪不具備專業電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)處置資(zi)質，退役動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)流入小作坊(fang)后，被(bei)制(zhi)成小型充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)寶，或者簡單加工冒(mao)充(chong)(chong)新電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，存(cun)在較大安全(quan)隱患。強化動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)回收(shou)(shou)利用(yong)溯源管理有助(zhu)于(yu)行業規范發(fa)(fa)展，提(ti)升(sheng)動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)安全(quan)水(shui)平。

當前(qian)動力(li)電(dian)池(chi)技術(shu)(shu)發(fa)展日新(xin)月異，無模組電(dian)池(chi)包（CTP）、一(yi)站式(shi)電(dian)池(chi)（One-Stop）、電(dian)芯到(dao)底(di)盤（CTC）等高能(neng)量密度(du)電(dian)池(chi)集成技術(shu)(shu)成為市場(chang)主流，退役(yi)電(dian)池(chi)回收利(li)用(yong)的(de)難度(du)也將有所提高。強化新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)汽(qi)車動力(li)電(dian)池(chi)回收利(li)用(yong)，完(wan)善制度(du)建設和(he)溯源(yuan)管理(li)，平衡好電(dian)池(chi)全生(sheng)命周期性(xing)能(neng)與環(huan)境目標已迫在(zai)眉睫(jie)。

對此，一是(shi)加快制(zhi)定動力(li)電池回收利(li)用(yong)管理辦法(fa)，從市場(chang)、環保、安全等多方面(mian)強化電池流向管理。二是(shi)完善(shan)動力(li)電池回收利(li)用(yong)相關技術標準，構建涵蓋梯次利(li)用(yong)、材料循環的標準體系(xi)。三是(shi)支持(chi)產學(xue)研(yan)融合發展，鼓勵(li)校企合作，推進退役電池柔(rou)性拆(chai)解(jie)、高效再生利(li)用(yong)等技術攻關與市場(chang)應用(yong)。四是(shi)加快動力(li)電池碳(tan)(tan)足(zu)跡方法(fa)論研(yan)究，將(jiang)回收利(li)用(yong)環節納入電池全生命周期碳(tan)(tan)足(zu)跡評價，提升出口電池國際市場(chang)綜(zong)合競(jing)爭力(li)。（作者：國家發改委能源(yuan)研(yan)究所 劉堅)

（來源(yuan)：經濟日報）