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歐陽明高:汽車產業轉型陣痛與新能源汽車高質量發展路徑

發布時間:2023-04-04   來源:   點擊數:9617次

歐陽明(ming)高:汽車(che)產(chan)業轉型陣(zhen)痛與新能(neng)源(yuan)汽車(che)高質量發展(zhan)路(lu)徑

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中國新能源(yuan)汽車發展歷程

2001年,我國啟(qi)動(dong)了電動(dong)汽車(che)重大科技專項,主(zhu)攻(gong)目標(biao)就是新能(neng)源(yuan)動(dong)力系統,包括(kuo)純電動(dong)汽車(che)、油電混合動(dong)力電動(dong)汽車(che)和燃料電池電動(dong)汽車(che)。

2005年,《國(guo)家中長期科(ke)學和(he)技(ji)術發展規(gui)劃綱要》確立(li)了節能與新能源汽車(che)科(ke)技(ji)戰(zhan)略,即轉型戰(zhan)略和(he)過渡戰(zhan)略。我們現在(zai)過渡還在(zai)進行,轉型還沒有(you)完成。

2008年,我國(guo)成功開展了北京奧運新能(neng)源汽(qi)車(che)科(ke)技示(shi)范工程,是(shi)一個標志(zhi)性的里程碑(bei),標志(zhi)著新能(neng)源汽(qi)車(che)產業進入了示(shi)范和產業化階(jie)段。

在“十二(er)五”規(gui)劃選擇產(chan)業(ye)化路(lu)徑的(de)時(shi)候,我們選擇了純電驅動作為新(xin)能(neng)源汽(qi)車(che)主導(dao)技術路(lu)線。國務院發布的(de)《節(jie)能(neng)與(yu)新(xin)能(neng)源汽(qi)車(che)產(chan)業(ye)發展規(gui)劃》中明確提出要推(tui)行純電驅動技術轉型。

在國外,以豐田為代表的發(fa)動機優先戰略,是從燃油車(che)到(dao)混合動力車(che),再(zai)到(dao)燃料(liao)電池(chi)車(che)。我國是反(fan)過來,以鋰離子電池(chi)和純電動為平臺,帶動各(ge)種(zhong)新能源(yuan)汽車(che)的全方位發(fa)展,這是根據中國的國情和技術基(ji)礎做的基(ji)本判(pan)斷。

在市場推廣方面我們提出(chu)了(le)“兩(liang)頭(tou)擠(ji)”的推進(jin)戰(zhan)略(lve),從大客(ke)車(che)(che)和微型(xing)(xing)(xing)車(che)(che)擠(ji)入常規轎(jiao)車(che)(che)市場。這個過程中,公(gong)共領域車(che)(che)輛尤其是(shi)(shi)公(gong)交大客(ke)車(che)(che)對帶動動力(li)電池的技術進(jin)步和產業(ye)成熟起到(dao)了(le)巨(ju)大的推動作用,然后就(jiu)逐步進(jin)入了(le)轎(jiao)車(che)(che)。現(xian)在在轎(jiao)車(che)(che)車(che)(che)型(xing)(xing)(xing)中也完(wan)成了(le)“兩(liang)頭(tou)擠(ji)”,也就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)高檔轎(jiao)車(che)(che)和經濟型(xing)(xing)(xing)轎(jiao)車(che)(che)到(dao)中級主流(liu)轎(jiao)車(che)(che)的“兩(liang)頭(tou)擠(ji)”。現(xian)在新(xin)能(neng)源是(shi)(shi)全(quan)車(che)(che)型(xing)(xing)(xing)覆蓋,全(quan)車(che)(che)型(xing)(xing)(xing)暢銷。

2014年,習主席(xi)發出號(hao)召,提出了(le)新能源汽(qi)車強(qiang)國戰略。從此中國新能源汽(qi)車產業化進入快速發展階(jie)段。

2016年是全球純(chun)電(dian)驅動技術(shu)轉(zhuan)型的標志(zhi)性年份,國(guo)際企業紛(fen)紛(fen)加快純(chun)電(dian)驅動轉(zhuan)型戰略(lve),加速在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)市場布局。這一年新能源汽車在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)產銷量已經(jing)超過50萬輛。

總結一下,2012年—2022年中國純電驅動汽(qi)車從(cong)1萬(wan)輛到680萬(wan)輛,動力電池(chi)從(cong)100Wh/kg上升到300Wh/kg,成本從(cong)瓦(wa)時5元降到1元以內。這(zhe)都是在10年中發生的巨大變化,從(cong)而使我們引領了全球。


新(xin)能(neng)源汽車產業處于深(shen)度轉(zhuan)型陣痛(tong)期

現在進(jin)入了2023年,我們又進(jin)入一個新的(de)陣痛(tong)期,新能源汽(qi)車革(ge)命(ming)與汽(qi)車產業(ye)深度轉(zhuan)型的(de)陣痛(tong)期,包(bao)括:

1、整車(che)價格競(jing)爭(zheng)與汽(qi)車(che)產業鏈的轉型陣痛。新能源(yuan)汽(qi)車(che)全面在擠(ji)壓(ya)燃(ran)(ran)油車(che)市場,新能源(yuan)汽(qi)車(che)市場是(shi)從燃(ran)(ran)油車(che)拿來的,燃(ran)(ran)油車(che)全產業鏈承壓(ya),新舊競(jing)爭(zheng)拉開了“遼沈(shen)戰(zhan)役(yi)”式的決戰(zhan)序(xu)幕,還沒(mei)到“淮海戰(zhan)役(yi)”。

總體看,新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)車(che)(che)是(shi)快增長(chang)、缺利(li)潤,燃(ran)油(you)車(che)(che)缺增長(chang)、但還有(you)利(li)潤。新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)成本仍然(ran)高(gao)于燃(ran)油(you)車(che)(che),但其(qi)品牌和影響力溢(yi)價(jia)(jia)在上升。同時(shi)合(he)資燃(ran)油(you)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)品牌溢(yi)價(jia)(jia)在下降,現(xian)在高(gao)品質的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)車(che)(che)可(ke)以與合(he)資的(de)(de)燃(ran)油(you)車(che)(che)價(jia)(jia)格競(jing)爭,但成本還不能(neng)(neng)競(jing)爭。同時(shi),新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)車(che)(che)陣營的(de)(de)不斷擴大,你追(zhui)我趕,競(jing)爭進(jin)入了陣地戰(zhan)階段,市場進(jin)入了淘汰賽階段。

2、大規模(mo)的(de)(de)新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)車(che)普(pu)及帶來了電動車(che)充(chong)電難與(yu)(yu)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)產業(ye)(ye)鏈的(de)(de)轉型陣痛。新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)汽車(che)大規模(mo)的(de)(de)快速普(pu)及超出了電力行(xing)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)預(yu)期,城市配電網的(de)(de)負荷(he)壓力大,轉型有序充(chong)電和車(che)網互動的(de)(de)挑戰(zhan)多(duo)。石化(hua)(hua)(hua)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)也面臨著燃油(you)供應量(liang)在減少,不熟(shu)悉的(de)(de)快充(chong)與(yu)(yu)快換(huan)需求急劇(ju)增加,相對熟(shu)悉的(de)(de)氫燃料業(ye)(ye)務(wu)發(fa)展遲緩(huan)三重挑戰(zhan)。我們新發(fa)展的(de)(de)充(chong)換(huan)電產業(ye)(ye)鏈商業(ye)(ye)模(mo)式還(huan)不成熟(shu),標準化(hua)(hua)(hua)、規范化(hua)(hua)(hua)程度還(huan)不高,急需確定新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)戰(zhan)略定位。最后,新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)汽車(che)與(yu)(yu)光(guang)伏等新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)產業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)大發(fa)展倒逼能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)產業(ye)(ye)轉型,但能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)產業(ye)(ye)市場(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)改革仍(reng)然任重道遠。

3、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)鋰價波動(dong)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)的(de)轉型陣痛。借助電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)交通(tong)、儲(chu)能(neng)等(deng)(deng)多個(ge)(ge)風口,電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)突飛猛(meng)進(jin),但鋰價波動(dong)、產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)膨脹、競爭加劇(ju)、業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)績不穩。隨(sui)著(zhu)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)認識(shi)加深,更多的(de)整(zheng)車企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)進(jin)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)跟整(zheng)車產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)的(de)結構性(xing)矛盾在加劇(ju)。中長期看,車用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)雖然有儲(chu)能(neng)等(deng)(deng)其他行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)應用(yong),但是(shi)車用(yong)還(huan)會占到(dao)70%,儲(chu)能(neng)占整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)產量(liang)的(de)百分(fen)之十幾(ji)。所以如何優化電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)定位,是(shi)定位成(cheng)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),還(huan)是(shi)定為汽車的(de)零(ling)部(bu)件(jian)商(shang)要做出選(xuan)擇(ze)。企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)定位和創新(xin)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)模式成(cheng)為當(dang)務之急。


針對深度轉型陣痛期的三條發展路徑(jing)

第一,深化(hua)電動(dong)化(hua),實行EV和PHEV的雙(shuang)輪驅動(dong)。

大家知道,汽車(che)(che)(che)全(quan)(quan)產(chan)業(ye)鏈轉型(xing)新能源汽車(che)(che)(che)大約還需要(yao)10年左右,所以(yi)我們還要(yao)繼續過渡與(yu)轉型(xing)并行(xing)互(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong),深入推進純(chun)電(dian)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)轉型(xing)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略。比亞迪(di)去(qu)年成功轉型(xing)為全(quan)(quan)部生產(chan)新能源汽車(che)(che)(che),它(ta)去(qu)年純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)和插電(dian)各占一(yi)半,總共186萬(wan)輛,異軍突起,而且全(quan)(quan)面(mian)盈利(li)(li)。所以(yi)借鑒他(ta)們成功的(de)經(jing)驗,就是要(yao)推行(xing)雙輪戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略。雙輪戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略有利(li)(li)于汽車(che)(che)(che)全(quan)(quan)產(chan)業(ye)鏈的(de)平(ping)穩過渡,緩解汽車(che)(che)(che)行(xing)業(ye)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)和燃油車(che)(che)(che)之間的(de)結(jie)構性(xing)矛盾(dun),因為我們的(de)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機還可以(yi)繼續用。另外(wai),雙輪戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略有也有利(li)(li)于降低車(che)(che)(che)輛的(de)平(ping)均電(dian)池(chi)裝(zhuang)機量,可以(yi)平(ping)抑鋰價波動(dong)(dong)(dong),緩解電(dian)池(chi)產(chan)業(ye)與(yu)整(zheng)車(che)(che)(che)產(chan)業(ye)的(de)結(jie)構性(xing)矛盾(dun)。

常規(gui)混(hun)(hun)合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力高(gao)潮(chao)已(yi)經過(guo)去(qu),隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)性能的提升,現在大多數(shu)都轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)插(cha)(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)混(hun)(hun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。插(cha)(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)混(hun)(hun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)有兩種(zhong),國(guo)(guo)外的插(cha)(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)混(hun)(hun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)一(yi)般(ban)裝的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)比較(jiao)少,叫混(hun)(hun)合型(xing)(xing)插(cha)(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)混(hun)(hun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。中國(guo)(guo)的技術特色是(shi)(shi)純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)型(xing)(xing)插(cha)(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)混(hun)(hun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)裝的比較(jiao)多,因為我(wo)們(men)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)剛開(kai)始制定(ding)的標準(zhun)就是(shi)(shi)50公里(li)純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)里(li)程,國(guo)(guo)外的混(hun)(hun)合型(xing)(xing)插(cha)(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)混(hun)(hun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)一(yi)般(ban)就是(shi)(shi)幾公里(li)到(dao)十幾公里(li),我(wo)們(men)上來就是(shi)(shi)50公里(li),現在都到(dao)100公里(li)以(yi)(yi)上了。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)裝的越(yue)多結構(gou)就會越(yue)簡(jian)單,所以(yi)(yi)做(zuo)車的難(nan)度反而下降了,這(zhe)其(qi)中我(wo)們(men)經常說的增程式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車實際是(shi)(shi)串(chuan)聯型(xing)(xing)的純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)插(cha)(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)混(hun)(hun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。我(wo)們(men)還有并聯式(shi)插(cha)(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)混(hun)(hun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、混(hun)(hun)聯式(shi)插(cha)(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)混(hun)(hun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。從(cong)市場營銷的角度,增程電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)更容易被消費者接受,所以(yi)(yi)插(cha)(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)混(hun)(hun)合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力這(zhe)個概念一(yi)直(zhi)沒有普及。

增程式電(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)是跟(gen)純電(dian)動(dong)(dong)更接近的(de)(de)一種車(che)型(xing),插(cha)電(dian)混(hun)(hun)(hun)動(dong)(dong)基本上是從燃油車(che)發(fa)展(zhan)過(guo)來的(de)(de)。如(ru)果有電(dian)的(de)(de)時候(hou)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機不(bu)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong),這叫純電(dian)插(cha)混(hun)(hun)(hun)。混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)型(xing)插(cha)電(dian)混(hun)(hun)(hun)動(dong)(dong)是有電(dian)的(de)(de)時候(hou)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機隨時可以(yi)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong),因(yin)為電(dian)池裝(zhuang)的(de)(de)很少(shao),功率不(bu)夠,只要車(che)輛加(jia)速,發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機立(li)即(ji)起來,技術難度更高(gao)。但是當電(dian)量下降到百分(fen)之(zhi)二三十,就要進入混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)力狀態,可以(yi)是串聯、并聯、或者(zhe)混(hun)(hun)(hun)聯,這個混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)狀態跟(gen)常規(gui)的(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)力車(che)并沒有差別。所以(yi)我們(men)一般說純電(dian)型(xing)插(cha)電(dian)混(hun)(hun)(hun)動(dong)(dong)是城(cheng)區短途用(yong)電(dian)、長途高(gao)速用(yong)油,這也(ye)是王傳福董事長對消費者(zhe)一個很好的(de)(de)宣傳。因(yin)為我們(men)平時跑長途并不(bu)多,都(dou)是城(cheng)里短途通勤開,基本上是純電(dian),但是混(hun)(hun)(hun)動(dong)(dong)部分(fen)就區分(fen)了增程電(dian)動(dong)(dong)和常規(gui)插(cha)電(dian)混(hun)(hun)(hun)動(dong)(dong)這兩種。

現在插電(dian)(dian)混(hun)(hun)動(dong)(dong)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)并(bing)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)結構,比(bi)如(ru)比(bi)亞迪的(de)(de)(de)超級混(hun)(hun)動(dong)(dong),用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)這(zhe)個串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)并(bing)聯(lian)(lian)(lian),最早是(shi)由本田(tian)提出的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)案,這(zhe)種(zhong)方(fang)案目(mu)前應(ying)該說是(shi)全(quan)球(qiu)對混(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力結構的(de)(de)(de)共識,因為這(zhe)種(zhong)方(fang)案非常簡(jian)單,不需要像(xiang)豐田(tian)普銳斯和通用(yong)(yong)沃蘭多混(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力采用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜行星(xing)齒輪結構,但功(gong)(gong)能是(shi)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de),既可以(yi)(yi)串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)、也可以(yi)(yi)并(bing)聯(lian)(lian)(lian),還可以(yi)(yi)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機直(zhi)驅(qu)。增程電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)是(shi)這(zhe)種(zhong)結構的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)簡(jian)化(hua),只有(you)串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)(lian),或者說串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)并(bing)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)插電(dian)(dian)混(hun)(hun)動(dong)(dong)包含(han)了增程電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)能,但是(shi)它(ta)比(bi)增程電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)能更加豐富,因此它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)油(you)耗(hao)(hao)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)是(shi)更低的(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)果是(shi)增程電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong),在高速(su)公(gong)路(lu)(lu)油(you)耗(hao)(hao)偏高。高速(su)公(gong)路(lu)(lu)如(ru)果沒有(you)電(dian)(dian),就是(shi)串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)混(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力,而(er)串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)混(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力在高速(su)公(gong)路(lu)(lu)油(you)耗(hao)(hao)偏高,串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)并(bing)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)混(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力在高速(su)公(gong)路(lu)(lu)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)是(shi)并(bing)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)或者直(zhi)驅(qu),直(zhi)驅(qu)這(zhe)個時候效率(lv)是(shi)最高的(de)(de)(de),因為沒有(you)經過(guo)任(ren)何(he)的(de)(de)(de)中間轉換(huan)環節的(de)(de)(de)能量損失。

近(jin)中期看,電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車價(jia)格成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)偏(pian)高、電(dian)(dian)池(chi)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)也偏(pian)高、補貼又(you)在下降,所(suo)以未(wei)來(lai)5~10年插(cha)電(dian)(dian)混動(dong)(dong)和增(zeng)程(cheng)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)的占比會(hui)(hui)從去(qu)年的22%逐步(bu)提升到30%~40%,甚(shen)至(zhi)接近(jin)50%都是可能的,其(qi)中占比最高的就是中級主(zhu)流轎車,還有大(da)型SUV。但是中長期看,電(dian)(dian)池(chi)商業模式創新、技(ji)術(shu)創新的空間還很大(da),電(dian)(dian)池(chi)購(gou)置和使用的綜合成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)還會(hui)(hui)繼續(xu)下降,純電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)的優勢會(hui)(hui)越來(lai)越明顯。我(wo)個人的判(pan)斷是,2030年之(zhi)后,這兩種的占比會(hui)(hui)逐步(bu)降低。

第(di)二,面(mian)向(xiang)低碳化,加(jia)快能源基礎(chu)設施轉型。

今年歐盟通過協(xie)議,將在2035年停售新(xin)的(de)(de)燃(ran)油(you)(you)轎車(che)(che)(che)和小貨車(che)(che)(che),也包含插電(dian)(dian)混(hun)動和增(zeng)程(cheng)電(dian)(dian)動。由于德國汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)業的(de)(de)反(fan)對,歐盟同(tong)意就不禁售使用(yong)綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)合成(cheng)燃(ran)料的(de)(de)車(che)(che)(che)型進(jin)行討論。這就提出了新(xin)的(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題:燃(ran)油(you)(you)車(che)(che)(che)將來是不是全面從化石能源汽(qi)(qi)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)車(che)(che)(che)轉(zhuan)型為綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)合成(cheng)的(de)(de)汽(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)車(che)(che)(che)呢?能源基礎設施轉(zhuan)型的(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題就重新(xin)提起。

新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源汽(qi)(qi)車和新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源革(ge)命緊密(mi)相(xiang)(xiang)連、相(xiang)(xiang)互促(cu)進。新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源汽(qi)(qi)車真正要(yao)成(cheng)為新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源汽(qi)(qi)車就得(de)用綠電,綠電是(shi)(shi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源來(lai)(lai)的(de)。而新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源要(yao)發展占比(bi)(bi)(bi)很(hen)高需要(yao)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng),儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)又需要(yao)我(wo)們新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)電池(chi)和氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng),所以彼(bi)此是(shi)(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)關聯的(de)。目(mu)前新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發展的(de)瓶頸(jing)就是(shi)(shi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)從未來(lai)(lai)來(lai)(lai)看,基于(yu)成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)性比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao),最(zui)終(zhong)是(shi)(shi)綠氫(qing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)和電池(chi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng),這是(shi)(shi)全(quan)球共識。綠氫(qing)是(shi)(shi)長周期、大規模(mo)的(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)方式,比(bi)(bi)(bi)如說我(wo)們現在(zai)的(de)煤電廠不用拆,只(zhi)需要(yao)把煤燃料慢(man)慢(man)變成(cheng)氫(qing)。現在(zai)我(wo)國(guo)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)型儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)94%都是(shi)(shi)電池(chi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng),我(wo)們說儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)大產業,實際目(mu)前就是(shi)(shi)動力電池(chi)產業,因為94%都是(shi)(shi)電池(chi)。

當然,新(xin)能源電(dian)力也(ye)可(ke)以做液體燃(ran)料(liao),綠電(dian)制氫,再從空氣中(zhong)(zhong)捕捉(zhuo)二氧化碳,氫和碳進行合成,就可(ke)以制成甲醇、汽油(you)、柴油(you)、煤(mei)油(you)。所以從綠電(dian)可(ke)以直接搞(gao)純電(dian)動汽車(che),也(ye)可(ke)以電(dian)解水(shui)制氫搞(gao)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池汽車(che),也(ye)可(ke)以在(zai)氫的基礎上(shang)再從大氣捕捉(zhuo)二氧化碳做醇、汽、柴油(you)搞(gao)內燃(ran)機(ji)汽車(che),內燃(ran)機(ji)燃(ran)燒(shao)之(zhi)后再把(ba)碳排到大氣中(zhong)(zhong),這樣讓碳循環(huan)不增加碳,所以這也(ye)是碳中(zhong)(zhong)和。

現在有(you)人說電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)永(yong)遠(yuan)趕不上油車(che)(che),他(ta)是(shi)從能(neng)量(liang)密度(du)(du)來講的。但(dan)是(shi)我(wo)們(men)(men)要(yao)(yao)看(kan)(kan)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)和功能(neng)。儲能(neng)功能(neng)可(ke)以產生附加效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益,效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)高低(di)決定了成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)。我(wo)們(men)(men)來看(kan)(kan)一下殼牌公司對轎車(che)(che)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)的研究(jiu)結(jie)論(lun),如果從可(ke)再生能(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)一直(zhi)到(dao)車(che)(che)輪這(zhe)個(ge)能(neng)量(liang)傳遞鏈(lian)看(kan)(kan),純電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)的效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)是(shi)77%,燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)車(che)(che)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)是(shi)30%,電(dian)(dian)合成(cheng)(cheng)燃(ran)(ran)料內(nei)燃(ran)(ran)機(ji)汽車(che)(che)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)是(shi)13%。為什么會差這(zhe)么多?因為我(wo)們(men)(men)要(yao)(yao)捕捉碳、還要(yao)(yao)合成(cheng)(cheng),這(zhe)個(ge)地方的能(neng)耗要(yao)(yao)損失(shi)44%。全(quan)鏈(lian)條效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)來看(kan)(kan),電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)合成(cheng)(cheng)燃(ran)(ran)料內(nei)燃(ran)(ran)機(ji)汽車(che)(che)的6倍(bei)(bei),在車(che)(che)上也高4倍(bei)(bei)。所以電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)不需要(yao)(yao)帶(dai)那(nei)么多能(neng)量(liang),四分(fen)之一就夠(gou)了。所以從效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)角度(du)(du)看(kan)(kan),可(ke)以說燃(ran)(ran)油車(che)(che)永(yong)遠(yuan)無(wu)法跟電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)競爭(zheng)。

還有一個問題(ti)經常容(rong)易引起爭議,電動車補電太(tai)慢,這就要解(jie)決快速補電的(de)問題(ti)。

首先(xian),轎(jiao)車(che)超(chao)級充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。現(xian)在(zai)超(chao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池只需要(yao)最(zui)高(gao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)倍率4C就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)了(le),我們(men)不需要(yao)充(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),只需要(yao)快(kuai)速補電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。最(zui)高(gao)4C,350千瓦(wa)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),理(li)論上充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)5分鐘(zhong)可(ke)以(yi)對續(xu)航600公(gong)里的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)補充(chong)200公(gong)里里程,也(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)充(chong)1/3。另(ling)外,高(gao)壓平(ping)臺現(xian)在(zai)各(ge)廠都開始干了(le),350千瓦(wa)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統也(ye)已經突(tu)破。現(xian)在(zai)已經開始了(le)超(chao)充(chong)的(de)試運行,標準(zhun)已經發布。我們(men)現(xian)在(zai)要(yao)逐(zhu)步從快(kuai)充(chong)向超(chao)充(chong)過(guo)(guo)渡,就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)從100多千瓦(wa)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到350千瓦(wa)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),當然(ran)這個過(guo)(guo)渡過(guo)(guo)程需要(yao)一段時間(jian),在(zai)過(guo)(guo)渡過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)間(jian)還可(ke)以(yi)繼續(xu)使(shi)用(yong)快(kuai)充(chong),用(yong)兩把(ba)槍(qiang)來充(chong),就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率加倍,甚(shen)至三把(ba)槍(qiang)充(chong)也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)。

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