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得(de)益(yi)于在(zai)新能(neng)源(yuan)汽(qi)車領域(yu)的搶(qiang)先布(bu)局，近年(nian)來中國(guo)動(dong)力電(dian)池產業(ye)取得(de)長足進(jin)步，邁入全球領先行列。然而，隨(sui)著新能(neng)源(yuan)汽(qi)車迅(xun)速(su)普及，大量的動(dong)力電(dian)池也開始不(bu)斷退(tui)役(yi)，在(zai)帶來環(huan)境污(wu)染隱憂的同時也存在(zai)資源(yuan)浪費，亟待回收利用環(huan)節“補(bu)鏈(lian)”。

數(shu)據顯示，截至(zhi)2020年(nian)底，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)新(xin)能源(yuan)汽車(che)(che)保有量(liang)達492萬輛(liang)，增(zeng)量(liang)連續三(san)年(nian)超過100萬輛(liang)。而2020年(nian)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)池裝車(che)(che)量(liang)達63.6GWh，占全(quan)球總裝車(che)(che)量(liang)的46.4%。據中國(guo)(guo)(guo)汽車(che)(che)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)池產業創新(xin)聯(lian)盟預計，2021年(nian)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)新(xin)能源(yuan)汽車(che)(che)產量(liang)將達224.6萬輛(liang)，同(tong)比增(zeng)長(chang)75.3%，全(quan)年(nian)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)池裝車(che)(che)需求將達115GWh，同(tong)比增(zeng)長(chang)約80.8%。“十四五”期間，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)池需求將較當(dang)前翻兩(liang)番以上。

不僅是規模，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在技(ji)(ji)術水(shui)(shui)平、產(chan)品性能(neng)和產(chan)業(ye)布(bu)局(ju)等方面也取得全面進(jin)步(bu)。據日前舉(ju)行的中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)汽車動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)產(chan)業(ye)創新聯盟2021年度會議(yi)透(tou)露，目前我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)已形成結構完整的動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)產(chan)業(ye)體系，正極(ji)、負極(ji)、電(dian)(dian)解液、隔膜四大(da)(da)(da)材料的產(chan)品質量大(da)(da)(da)幅提升，國(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)裝備(bei)技(ji)(ji)術參數達(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際先進(jin)水(shui)(shui)平，全套生產(chan)裝備(bei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)化(hua)率(lv)達(da)90%以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，關鍵工序裝備(bei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)化(hua)率(lv)達(da)80%。同(tong)時，動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)能(neng)量密(mi)度大(da)(da)(da)幅提升，140Wh/kg及(ji)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)車型產(chan)量占比(bi)達(da)70%以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，最高達(da)194.12Wh/kg，新能(neng)源(yuan)汽車續航里程400公里及(ji)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)車型占比(bi)達(da)60.2%，最高達(da)708公里。今后一段時間內，全球超(chao)60%的動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)產(chan)能(neng)建設在中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)將成為全球最大(da)(da)(da)的動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)生產(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。

在(zai)這(zhe)些(xie)振奮人(ren)心(xin)的(de)(de)數據背后，另一(yi)組數據也應引起注意：2020年我國(guo)動力電(dian)池(chi)累計退役總量(liang)達到了約20萬(wan)噸(dun)，而到2025年，這(zhe)一(yi)數字預計將升(sheng)至約78萬(wan)噸(dun)。如(ru)果這(zhe)些(xie)動力電(dian)池(chi)直接廢棄，將對(dui)土壤和地下水造成極大污染。目前國(guo)際通行(xing)的(de)(de)做法是(shi)對(dui)退役電(dian)池(chi)進行(xing)梯次利用(yong)。業(ye)內人(ren)士介紹，每(mei)輛(liang)新(xin)能源汽車上一(yi)般裝載的(de)(de)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)完整的(de)(de)鋰電(dian)池(chi)包。回收后既(ji)可(ke)以(yi)拆解成模組或電(dian)芯，形成小型電(dian)池(chi)用(yong)于低(di)速電(dian)動車、太陽能路(lu)燈等產品，也可(ke)以(yi)將多個(ge)完整的(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)包并在(zai)一(yi)起，為風、光電(dian)等場景儲能。

更為重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，如(ru)果(guo)可以有(you)效回收利(li)用廢棄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu)，將大(da)大(da)提升我國(guo)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)原(yuan)材料自給率(lv)，降低對上(shang)游(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)依賴，有(you)利(li)于(yu)緩解原(yuan)材料供需緊張矛盾(dun)。有(you)專家指出，我國(guo)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)產(chan)業最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)危機就是(shi)鋰資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)儲備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。鋰是(shi)地球(qiu)上(shang)一種十(shi)分(fen)(fen)稀有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)，而且該資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布十(shi)分(fen)(fen)不均衡。目前全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)將近66%的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋰資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)儲量分(fen)(fen)布在了南美(mei)洲和(he)大(da)洋洲。雖然我國(guo)鋰資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)儲量位居全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)第六，但是(shi)由于(yu)分(fen)(fen)離技術(shu)還不夠(gou)成熟，再加上(shang)生產(chan)成本較高(gao)，因(yin)此(ci)我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋰資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)一直(zhi)處在供不應求的(de)(de)(de)(de)失衡狀(zhuang)態中。但是(shi)如(ru)果(guo)長期高(gao)度依賴外國(guo)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)，很容(rong)易(yi)造成“卡脖子”問(wen)題，不利(li)于(yu)我國(guo)未來的(de)(de)(de)(de)能源(yuan)(yuan)安全(quan)(quan)。而這個問(wen)題如(ru)今已現(xian)端倪，數(shu)據顯示(shi)，由于(yu)近期電(dian)(dian)動汽車和(he)儲能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)這兩(liang)大(da)市場的(de)(de)(de)(de)迅速增長，目前作為其原(yuan)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫氧(yang)化鋰和(he)碳酸鋰現(xian)貨與年初相(xiang)比分(fen)(fen)別上(shang)漲了80%和(he)67%。

事實上(shang)，我(wo)(wo)國已(yi)經建設(she)了1萬多(duo)個(ge)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)回(hui)(hui)(hui)收網(wang)點，目前回(hui)(hui)(hui)收的動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)主(zhu)要是來(lai)自各(ge)類(lei)出行服務公司報廢的運營車輛(liang)。據預計，隨(sui)著新能源(yuan)汽(qi)車迅速普及(ji)，2024年將(jiang)迎來(lai)家(jia)用(yong)車輛(liang)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)集(ji)中(zhong)退(tui)役潮(chao)，屆時將(jiang)對回(hui)(hui)(hui)收利用(yong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)產生巨(ju)大壓力(li)。此外，由于動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)種類(lei)極(ji)多(duo)、結(jie)構各(ge)異，現(xian)(xian)在回(hui)(hui)(hui)收的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)包更(geng)多(duo)只能靠(kao)工(gong)人手工(gong)拆解，成(cheng)本較高(gao)。而且各(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)生產廠家(jia)為了保護關鍵技術(shu)信(xin)息(xi)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)管理系(xi)統(tong)(tong)也(ye)會設(she)置讀取權(quan)限，回(hui)(hui)(hui)收后只能再一(yi)個(ge)個(ge)重新檢(jian)測電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的壽命和(he)損益(yi)情況(kuang)，客(ke)觀上(shang)使回(hui)(hui)(hui)收利用(yong)環節成(cheng)本和(he)難度都(dou)有增加。面(mian)對即將(jiang)到來(lai)的動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)集(ji)中(zhong)退(tui)役潮(chao)和(he)各(ge)國在動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)領(ling)域(yu)的激烈競爭(zheng)，我(wo)(wo)們完(wan)全有必要未雨(yu)綢繆，及(ji)早統(tong)(tong)一(yi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的基本規格，加大在動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)回(hui)(hui)(hui)收利用(yong)方面(mian)的技術(shu)攻關。與此同時，業界數據顯示，近五年全球60%的動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)技術(shu)創(chuang)新在中(zhong)國，包括材料、電(dian)(dian)(dian)芯、系(xi)統(tong)(tong)、裝備等環節，因此我(wo)(wo)們也(ye)完(wan)全有能力(li)依(yi)靠(kao)自主(zhu)創(chuang)新實現(xian)(xian)在動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)回(hui)(hui)(hui)收利用(yong)領(ling)域(yu)的突(tu)破，“搶跑”這個(ge)新賽(sai)道。

（來源：經(jing)濟參考報）