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國家(jia)發改委：完善價格(ge)政(zheng)策 助力實現(xian)碳達峰碳中和目標

近日，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)、國(guo)(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)印發(fa)《關于完整準確全(quan)面貫徹(che)新發(fa)展理念做好碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)達(da)峰(feng)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和工作(zuo)的意見(jian)》（以下(xia)簡稱《意見(jian)》），國(guo)(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)印發(fa)《2030年前(qian)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)達(da)峰(feng)行(xing)動方(fang)案(an)》（以下(xia)簡稱《方(fang)案(an)》），對碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)達(da)峰(feng)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和工作(zuo)作(zuo)出整體部署。《意見(jian)》和《方(fang)案(an)》將(jiang)完善價格(ge)(ge)政(zheng)策(ce)作(zuo)為碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)達(da)峰(feng)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和工作(zuo)的重點任(ren)務(wu)和關鍵措施，提(ti)出了(le)完善能源價格(ge)(ge)市場(chang)化形(xing)成機制、深化電(dian)價改革等相關要(yao)求(qiu)。我們(men)要(yao)認真落(luo)實《意見(jian)》和《方(fang)案(an)》要(yao)求(qiu)，加快完善價格(ge)(ge)政(zheng)策(ce)，助力實現碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)達(da)峰(feng)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和目標。

一(yi)、建立健(jian)全促進可再生能(neng)源規模化發展(zhan)的價格(ge)機(ji)制，加快能(neng)源綠色低碳(tan)轉型

為實現碳達(da)(da)峰(feng)碳中和目(mu)(mu)標，我(wo)國發展非化石(shi)(shi)能(neng)源的任務十分(fen)艱巨。《意見》明確到2030年(nian)和2060年(nian)，我(wo)國非化石(shi)(shi)能(neng)源消費比重要分(fen)別達(da)(da)到25%左右和80%以(yi)(yi)上；同時，2030年(nian)風電(dian)、太陽能(neng)發電(dian)總(zong)裝機容量達(da)(da)到12億千瓦(wa)以(yi)(yi)上，是(shi)目(mu)(mu)前規(gui)模的2倍以(yi)(yi)上。

完善風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)上網(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)支(zhi)持(chi)政(zheng)策，持(chi)續深化(hua)(hua)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)機(ji)制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)，是(shi)推動(dong)可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)高質(zhi)量發(fa)展的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)支(zhi)撐(cheng)。為大力推進(jin)可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)替代行動(dong)，《意(yi)見》和(he)(he)《方案》提出要(yao)建(jian)立健全(quan)促進(jin)可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)規模化(hua)(hua)發(fa)展的(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)機(ji)制(zhi)，完善綠色電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)，統籌推進(jin)碳排放權(quan)、用能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)權(quan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力交易(yi)等(deng)市(shi)場建(jian)設，為新時期完善可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)政(zheng)策提出了新的(de)要(yao)求。為此，我們要(yao)不斷完善風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)機(ji)制(zhi)，建(jian)立健全(quan)抽水(shui)蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、新型儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)調節性電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)機(ji)制(zhi)，持(chi)續深化(hua)(hua)輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)，推動(dong)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)力交易(yi)和(he)(he)碳減排成(cheng)(cheng)本反映到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)中。切(qie)實提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)對高比例可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)消納(na)和(he)(he)調控能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力，推動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)更好(hao)服務電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)綠色低碳轉型，構(gou)(gou)建(jian)新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統。

二(er)、完善差(cha)別化(hua)電價與(yu)階梯(ti)電價政策、加快推進供(gong)熱計量(liang)改革和按供(gong)熱量(liang)收費，提高能(neng)源利用效率

《意(yi)見(jian)》提出，到(dao)(dao)2025年，重點行業能源利(li)用(yong)效率大幅(fu)(fu)提升，單(dan)位國內生產(chan)(chan)總值(zhi)能耗(hao)(hao)比2020年下降13.5%；到(dao)(dao)2030年，重點耗(hao)(hao)能行業能源利(li)用(yong)效率達到(dao)(dao)國際(ji)先(xian)進(jin)水(shui)平，單(dan)位國內生產(chan)(chan)總值(zhi)能耗(hao)(hao)大幅(fu)(fu)下降；到(dao)(dao)2060年，能源利(li)用(yong)效率達到(dao)(dao)國際(ji)先(xian)進(jin)水(shui)平。這些目標對完(wan)善差別化電(dian)價、促(cu)進(jin)能效提升提出了(le)更高要求。

在工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生產(chan)領域，電(dian)(dian)(dian)費支出是重(zhong)點(dian)耗(hao)能(neng)(neng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生產(chan)成本的重(zhong)要(yao)組(zu)成部(bu)分，實施差(cha)(cha)(cha)別化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)和(he)階梯電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)政策(ce)，將對(dui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技術(shu)進步、產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)轉型升級和(he)能(neng)(neng)效(xiao)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)提升發揮(hui)重(zhong)要(yao)促(cu)進作用。當前，我(wo)國大(da)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)量占全社會用電(dian)(dian)(dian)量比重(zhong)高達65%，但重(zhong)點(dian)耗(hao)能(neng)(neng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的能(neng)(neng)源利用效(xiao)率距離(li)國際先進水(shui)平(ping)(ping)仍有較大(da)差(cha)(cha)(cha)距。《方案》提出要(yao)綜合(he)運用價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格手段，建立激勵約束(shu)機(ji)制。要(yao)求有關部(bu)門加(jia)(jia)快完善差(cha)(cha)(cha)別化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)政策(ce)，嚴格落(luo)實鐵合(he)金、電(dian)(dian)(dian)石、燒堿、水(shui)泥、鋼鐵、黃磷、鋅冶煉等7個(ge)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的差(cha)(cha)(cha)別化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)政策(ce)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解鋁(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)階梯電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)政策(ce)，全面清理對(dui)高耗(hao)能(neng)(neng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的優待(dai)類電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)及(ji)不合(he)理價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格優惠(hui)政策(ce)；嚴禁對(dui)高耗(hao)能(neng)(neng)、高排(pai)放行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)實施電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)優惠(hui)，促(cu)進重(zhong)點(dian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)加(jia)(jia)大(da)技術(shu)改造力度、加(jia)(jia)速淘汰落(luo)后(hou)產(chan)能(neng)(neng)、持續提升能(neng)(neng)源利用效(xiao)率。

在(zai)居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)消(xiao)費領(ling)域，隨著經(jing)濟(ji)社會(hui)發展和(he)居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)生活(huo)水平提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)，居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)家庭(ting)用(yong)能(neng)在(zai)能(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)費中(zhong)(zhong)的比重(zhong)逐(zhu)年(nian)提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)。促進(jin)居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)家庭(ting)用(yong)能(neng)效(xiao)率(lv)提(ti)(ti)(ti)升，對提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)整體(ti)能(neng)源(yuan)利用(yong)效(xiao)率(lv)具有重(zhong)要意義。我國(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)部分(fen)地區(qu)從2012年(nian)左右開(kai)始(shi)實(shi)行居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)生活(huo)用(yong)電(dian)階梯電(dian)價，按實(shi)際用(yong)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)分(fen)三檔執(zhi)行，各(ge)檔電(dian)價依次提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)。但居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)電(dian)價整體(ti)仍享受政策(ce)性交(jiao)叉補貼，電(dian)價占居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)生活(huo)成本比重(zhong)偏低(di)，中(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)(gao)收(shou)入居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)家庭(ting)節約用(yong)電(dian)意識不強。為此(ci)(ci)，《意見》和(he)《方案》提(ti)(ti)(ti)出要完(wan)善(shan)居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)階梯電(dian)價政策(ce)，將在(zai)保障(zhang)居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)基本用(yong)電(dian)需(xu)求(qiu)的前提(ti)(ti)(ti)下，進(jin)一步促進(jin)用(yong)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)較多的中(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)(gao)收(shou)入居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)家庭(ting)提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)用(yong)電(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)。與此(ci)(ci)同時，要加快推進(jin)供熱(re)(re)計量(liang)(liang)改(gai)革和(he)按供熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)收(shou)費等任(ren)務舉措，逐(zhu)步改(gai)變我國(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)部分(fen)居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)住宅集中(zhong)(zhong)供熱(re)(re)采用(yong)按建筑面積收(shou)費的傳(chuan)統方式，鼓勵熱(re)(re)力用(yong)戶(hu)優化用(yong)熱(re)(re)模式，引(yin)導合理用(yong)熱(re)(re)，進(jin)一步提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)能(neng)源(yuan)使用(yong)效(xiao)率(lv)。

三、完善能(neng)源價格市(shi)場化形成(cheng)機制和分時電價政策，優化能(neng)源供需資源配置

在電(dian)力(li)(li)供給側，為(wei)進(jin)一(yi)步發揮(hui)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)價格信號在碳達峰碳中(zhong)和目標(biao)實現中(zhong)的(de)作(zuo)用，《意見》和《方(fang)案》提出要深(shen)化(hua)(hua)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)體制(zhi)機制(zhi)改(gai)革，完善電(dian)力(li)(li)等能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)品種價格市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)形(xing)成機制(zhi)，推(tui)(tui)進(jin)煤炭、油氣等市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)改(gai)革，加快完善能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)統一(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，全面(mian)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)改(gai)革，完善中(zhong)長期市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)、現貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)和輔(fu)助服(fu)務市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)銜(xian)接機制(zhi)，擴(kuo)大市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)交(jiao)易規(gui)模(mo)(mo)，全面(mian)放開競爭性環節電(dian)價。上(shang)述措施落地后將大力(li)(li)推(tui)(tui)動(dong)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)行業(ye)競爭性市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)建設，建立健全引導(dao)各類能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)合理投資、運行的(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)價格形(xing)成機制(zhi)，促進(jin)清潔低(di)碳電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)向(xiang)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)友好型方(fang)向(xiang)發展，有效激勵與高比例可再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)相匹配的(de)調節性電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)建設和運行，為(wei)可再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)化(hua)(hua)發展目標(biao)的(de)實現提供有力(li)(li)支撐。

在電(dian)(dian)力消費側(ce)，分(fen)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)是通過價(jia)(jia)格杠(gang)桿調(diao)節需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)用電(dian)(dian)行為的(de)重要(yao)手段(duan)。對此，《意(yi)見》明確提出完善分(fen)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)政策的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，《方案》提出探索建立分(fen)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)動態調(diao)整(zheng)機(ji)制(zhi)。一(yi)方面(mian)要(yao)定期(qi)評(ping)估(gu)和調(diao)整(zheng)目(mu)錄分(fen)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，另(ling)一(yi)方面(mian)要(yao)加快競(jing)爭性電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)建設，促進(jin)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)化分(fen)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)體系形成，更(geng)好反映電(dian)(dian)能量(liang)的(de)分(fen)時(shi)價(jia)(jia)值，更(geng)好發揮電(dian)(dian)力需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)的(de)作用，提高能源(yuan)(yuan)低碳轉型中的(de)資源(yuan)(yuan)配置效(xiao)率(lv)。

今年以來，圍繞助力實現碳(tan)達峰碳(tan)中和目(mu)標，國家已(yi)密集出臺系列價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)政(zheng)策，創新(xin)抽水(shui)蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)機(ji)制，服(fu)務新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)建設；明確(que)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)項目(mu)平(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)上網政(zheng)策導向，穩定(ding)行業(ye)發(fa)展預期；優(you)化(hua)峰谷分時電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)機(ji)制，推(tui)(tui)動新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消納和儲能(neng)(neng)發(fa)展；實施更嚴格(ge)的(de)電(dian)(dian)解鋁行業(ye)階梯電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)制度，促進企業(ye)節能(neng)(neng)增效、減少碳(tan)排放。下一(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)，我們要認真落實《意見》和《方案》要求(qiu)，進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)深化(hua)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)改(gai)革(ge)，完善(shan)跨省(sheng)跨區專項工程電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)定(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)機(ji)制，健全綠色電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)體系，完善(shan)核(he)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)形成(cheng)機(ji)制，深化(hua)目(mu)錄銷售(shou)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)改(gai)革(ge)，從能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)給(gei)和消費(fei)兩(liang)端發(fa)力，推(tui)(tui)進能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)給(gei)結(jie)構(gou)低碳(tan)轉(zhuan)型及能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消費(fei)結(jie)構(gou)優(you)化(hua)，助力實現碳(tan)達峰碳(tan)中和目(mu)標。

（來源：發改(gai)(gai)委網站(zhan) 原文題(ti)目(mu)：發改(gai)(gai)委：完(wan)善價格政策(ce) 助力實現碳(tan)(tan)達峰碳(tan)(tan)中和目(mu)標）