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1.電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)殘(can)值(zhi)量的測量標(biao)(biao)準難以(yi)估計：動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在循環(huan)充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量會(hui)逐 漸衰(shuai)減，當(dang)衰(shuai)減至(zhi) 80%以(yi)下(xia)時，便達到退役(yi)狀態(tai)。而目前對于(yu)(yu)動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的健康 度 SOH（State-of-health）有很多種定(ding)義(yi)標(biao)(biao)準，包括(kuo)根據容量衰(shuai)減定(ding)義(yi)、根據 剩余放電(dian)(dian)(dian)量定(ding)義(yi)、根據剩余循環(huan)次(ci)數定(ding)義(yi)以(yi)及根據內阻定(ding)義(yi)。因此政(zheng)策制定(ding)者對 于(yu)(yu)動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)殘(can)值(zhi)剩余量的測定(ding)標(biao)(biao)準存在一(yi)定(ding)困難。

2.金屬(shu)(shu)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)波(bo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)影(ying)響(xiang)材(cai)料回(hui)(hui)收經濟性(xing)：金屬(shu)(shu)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)波(bo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)會最(zui)終決定動(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)池回(hui)(hui)收 市場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)盈虧(kui)，而金屬(shu)(shu)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)又是受資源(yuan)供給(gei)、技術(shu)進步、下游市場(chang)綜(zong)合因素(su)所影(ying)響(xiang)， 存在技術(shu)周期、產能周期，故(gu)金屬(shu)(shu)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)是動(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)池回(hui)(hui)收的(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)決定性(xing)要素(su)， 既影(ying)響(xiang)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)商業模式，也影(ying)響(xiang)政策制定和執行的(de)(de)(de)有效性(xing)。

3.梯次(ci)(ci)利(li)(li)用技術標(biao)準(zhun)：對(dui)于磷酸鐵鋰電池一個重要(yao)的回收(shou)方(fang)(fang)式就是梯次(ci)(ci)利(li)(li)用，梯 次(ci)(ci)利(li)(li)用方(fang)(fang)式、安(an)全性等因素困擾(rao)著標(biao)準(zhun)制定，標(biao)準(zhun)過(guo)(guo)高會(hui)造成梯次(ci)(ci)利(li)(li)用市場的萎 縮，標(biao)準(zhun)過(guo)(guo)低又不利(li)(li)于梯次(ci)(ci)利(li)(li)用市場長期發(fa)展。

2.2、 動力(li)電池回收渠道與再生(sheng)利用方(fang)法(fa)論

動(dong)(dong)力電池(chi)的回(hui)(hui)收(shou)過(guo)程中有(you)不同的參與(yu)主體(ti)和回(hui)(hui)收(shou)路(lu)徑，這主要(yao)是由(you)于不同動(dong)(dong)力電 池(chi)間存在(zai)銷售方(fang)式(shi)、使用形式(shi)、所(suo)有(you)權歸屬的不同。目前(qian)在(zai)我國，動(dong)(dong)力電池(chi)的回(hui)(hui) 收(shou)渠道主要(yao)有(you)小型回(hui)(hui)收(shou)公司、專業回(hui)(hui)收(shou)公司、政府回(hui)(hui)收(shou)中心。近年來，為規范動(dong)(dong) 力電池(chi)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)市場，我國相繼出臺了動(dong)(dong)力電池(chi)拆解回(hui)(hui)收(shou)相關技術(shu)標準：

參考歐美發達國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)路(lu)徑，動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)生產(chan)商往往承擔電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)的(de)(de)(de)主要責 任，而參與(yu)主體(ti)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)生產(chan)商和電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)租賃公司起到配合(he)動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)生產(chan)商回(hui)(hui) 收(shou)的(de)(de)(de)作用。根據動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)從(cong)消費者回(hui)(hui)收(shou)至動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)生產(chan)商的(de)(de)(de)路(lu)徑經(jing)過的(de)(de)(de)參與(yu)主體(ti) 差異，理論上可分為三種回(hui)(hui)收(shou)路(lu)線(xian)。

第一種(zhong)(zhong)回(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)路徑為廢舊動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車經銷商(shang)回(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)；第二種(zhong)(zhong)回(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)路徑為通 過電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)租賃公司回(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)，廢舊動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)經過上述兩種(zhong)(zhong)回(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)路徑最(zui)終(zhong)(zhong)流(liu)向(xiang)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)生 產商(shang)（部分(fen)生產商(shang)也可以聯合形(xing)成生產商(shang)聯盟）進行回(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)處(chu)理(li)(li)；第三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)回(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)路徑 最(zui)終(zhong)(zhong)流(liu)向(xiang)為第三(san)方回(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)公司回(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)處(chu)理(li)(li)，但是第三(san)方回(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)公司需要依靠自主建立(li)的 動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的回(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)網點。

2.2.1、磷酸鐵鋰電池(chi)的梯次利用和金(jin)屬回收

磷(lin)酸鐵鋰(li)電池回收后兩大利用(yong)(yong)途(tu)(tu)徑：梯(ti)次利用(yong)(yong)與拆(chai)解(jie)回收，這兩個途(tu)(tu)徑并(bing)不是排 斥關系，而(er)是互(hu)補關系。 廢舊電池梯(ti)次利用(yong)(yong)是指動力(li)電池在達到設計使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命時(shi)，通過修復、改裝(zhuang)或(huo)再(zai)制(zhi) 造等方法使(shi)(shi)其(qi)能夠在合適的(de)工作位置(zhi)繼續使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)過程，而(er)這個過程一般是同(tong)級(ji)或(huo) 降級(ji)的(de)應用(yong)(yong)形式。

廢(fei)舊電池(chi)的拆(chai)解回收則主(zhu)要指(zhi)通(tong)過(guo)化學(xue)、物理或生(sheng)物手段拆(chai)解廢(fei)舊電池(chi)并回收其 中的可利用(yong)(yong)資(zi)源。2017 年 2 月(yue)，國家出臺的《新能源汽車(che)動力(li)蓄(xu)電池(chi)回收利用(yong)(yong) 管理暫(zan)行辦法》提到，鼓勵(li)電池(chi)生(sheng)產企(qi)業與(yu)綜合利用(yong)(yong)企(qi)業合作，在保(bao)證安全可控 前提下，按照先(xian)梯次(ci)(ci)利用(yong)(yong)后再生(sheng)利用(yong)(yong)原則,對(dui)廢(fei)舊動力(li)蓄(xu)電池(chi)開(kai)展(zhan)多層(ceng)次(ci)(ci)、多用(yong)(yong) 途(tu)的合理利用(yong)(yong)。

廢舊磷酸鐵(tie)鋰動(dong)力(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)回收后(hou)先梯(ti)次(ci)利用，后(hou)拆解回收，將(jiang)最大化(hua)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)役(yi)后(hou) 價值。動(dong)力(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)會隨(sui)使用次(ci)數(shu)的(de)(de)增加而衰減，但(dan)當(dang)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)不能(neng)(neng)達到電(dian)動(dong) 汽車(che)的(de)(de)使用標準(zhun)而退(tui)(tui)役(yi)時(shi)(shi)，其性能(neng)(neng)（電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量）往往只下(xia)降到原性能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de) 80％。 在電(dian)池(chi)(chi)性能(neng)(neng)仍維持在 80%-20%時(shi)(shi)，退(tui)(tui)役(yi)的(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)可(ke)以(yi)經過相關的(de)(de)檢(jian)測評價依 次(ci)用于低功率電(dian)動(dong)車(che)、電(dian)網儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)、家(jia)庭儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)領(ling)域。而當(dang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)性能(neng)(neng)下(xia)降至(zhi) 20%時(shi)(shi)， 可(ke)以(yi)對其進(jin)行報(bao)廢處(chu)理。

現(xian)行(xing)條件下，退(tui)役動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)梯(ti)次利用(yong)(yong)在技術、市場上(shang)仍然存在較(jiao)大的(de)(de)難度。 （1）技術角(jiao)度看，動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與儲(chu)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)遵循的(de)(de)技術標準(zhun)不同(tong)、儲(chu)能(neng)領域對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi) 的(de)(de)溫度性(xing)能(neng)要求高(gao)，而部分退(tui)役的(de)(de)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可能(neng)達不到儲(chu)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)要求、基 于容量衰減(jian)機理分析建(jian)(jian)立電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)壽(shou)命預測(ce)模型還不完善，造成梯(ti)度利用(yong)(yong)退(tui)役動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian) 池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)在評價檢測(ce)環(huan)節(jie)出(chu)現(xian)困難。 （2）市場角(jiao)度看，建(jian)(jian)立梯(ti)次利用(yong)(yong)逆向物(wu)(wu)流系統較(jiao)為復雜，中(zhong)間涉及的(de)(de)環(huan)節(jie)較(jiao)多(duo)， 比直接的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)理、化學、生物(wu)(wu)拆解回收復雜、消費者心理上(shang)對梯(ti)次利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)芯的(de)(de)市場 接受度較(jiao)低。

拆(chai)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)回(hui)收(shou)的(de)主(zhu)流方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)基本上屬(shu)于化(hua)(hua)學(xue)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，包括三種處(chu)理(li)工(gong)藝(yi)，火法(fa)(fa)(fa)處(chu)理(li)、濕法(fa)(fa)(fa)處(chu) 理(li)、電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)修(xiu)復再生。火法(fa)(fa)(fa)處(chu)理(li)是(shi)一種比較初(chu)級的(de)廢(fei)物處(chu)理(li)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，主(zhu)要(yao)原理(li)是(shi)將電(dian)(dian) 池(chi)拆(chai)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)或(huo)(huo)破碎后高(gao)溫(wen)焚燒使(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)內的(de)有機物氧化(hua)(hua)分解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)，電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)和包裝(zhuang)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)中的(de) 金屬(shu)元素轉(zhuan)變(bian)為穩定的(de)金屬(shu)氧化(hua)(hua)物，然后再進(jin)行(xing)分離回(hui)收(shou)。濕法(fa)(fa)(fa)處(chu)理(li)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan) 研究(jiu)開(kai)展較多，主(zhu)要(yao)原理(li)是(shi)利用酸(suan)液和堿液將電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)，然后在液相(xiang)(xiang)中實(shi)現 各元素的(de)分離和提純。電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)修(xiu)復再生工(gong)藝(yi)是(shi)近些年(nian)興起的(de)處(chu)理(li)工(gong)藝(yi)，將廢(fei)舊鋰(li)離 子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)中的(de)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)拆(chai)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)分離，使(shi)用電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)或(huo)(huo)物理(li)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)等方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)處(chu)理(li)，恢復其受損 的(de)結構、電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)性能，使(shi)得材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)可以再次用于使(shi)用場合或(huo)(huo)作為制備新的(de)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao) 的(de)前驅體(ti)。（報告來源：未來智(zhi)庫）

2.2.2、三元(yuan)電池正極(ji)材料回收與再生

目(mu)前，三(san)元(yuan)(yuan)正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)材料(liao)回(hui)收(shou)與再(zai)生的(de)技術路線主(zhu)要分以下(xia)兩種形式(shi)： 物理(li)(li)修復(fu)再(zai)生，對(dui)只是失(shi)去活(huo)性(xing)鋰元(yuan)(yuan)素的(de)三(san)元(yuan)(yuan)正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)材料(liao)，直接(jie)添加鋰元(yuan)(yuan)素并通過 高(gao)溫燒(shao)結進行(xing)修復(fu)再(zai)生；對(dui)于嚴重(zhong)容量(liang)衰減(jian)、表面晶體(ti)結構發生改變的(de)正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)材料(liao)， 進行(xing)水熱(re)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)和短暫的(de)高(gao)溫燒(shao)結再(zai)生； 冶(ye)金法(fa)(fa)回(hui)收(shou)，主(zhu)要有火(huo)(huo)法(fa)(fa)、濕(shi)法(fa)(fa)、生物浸(jin)出法(fa)(fa)三(san)種方式(shi)。其中(zhong)火(huo)(huo)法(fa)(fa)耗(hao)能高(gao)，會產(chan) 生有價成分損(sun)失(shi)，且(qie)產(chan)生有毒有害氣體(ti)；生物浸(jin)出法(fa)(fa)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)效果(guo)差，周期(qi)較(jiao)長，且(qie) 菌群培養困(kun)難；相比之下(xia)，濕(shi)法(fa)(fa)具有效率高(gao)、運(yun)行(xing)可靠、能耗(hao)低、不產(chan)生有毒有 害氣體(ti)等優點，因此應用更普遍。

2.2.3、負(fu)極材(cai)料回收與再(zai)生(sheng)

鋰(li)電(dian)池負(fu)(fu)極材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)種類繁多：（1）金(jin)屬(shu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)，如鋰(li)金(jin)屬(shu)。（2）無機非金(jin)屬(shu)材(cai)(cai) 料(liao)(liao)，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是碳(tan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)、硅材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)及(ji)其他非金(jin)屬(shu)的(de)復合(he)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。（3）過渡金(jin)屬(shu)氧化物(wu)。 目前應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)較多的(de)是碳(tan)、石(shi)(shi)墨類和非石(shi)(shi)墨類碳(tan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。鈦(tai)酸鋰(li)因具有非常(chang)優異的(de)循環(huan) 壽命、安全性和倍(bei)率性能(neng)，也可作為負(fu)(fu)極材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)在(zai)電(dian)動(dong)汽車上使用(yong)(yong)，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)缺點是 會降低電(dian)池的(de)能(neng)量密度。也有一(yi)些公司(si)開發錫合(he)金(jin)作負(fu)(fu)極材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)，但仍處(chu)于研(yan)究階(jie) 段(duan)，應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)較少。 目前鋰(li)離子電(dian)池石(shi)(shi)墨負(fu)(fu)極回收(shou)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包括(kuo)直接(jie)物(wu)理回收(shou)、熱(re)處(chu)理、濕(shi)法(fa)(fa)冶金(jin)、 熱(re)處(chu)理與(yu)濕(shi)法(fa)(fa)冶金(jin)相結(jie)合(he)、萃(cui)取和電(dian)化學方(fang)法(fa)(fa)等。

2.2.4、電解液回收與(yu)再生

如今有(you)關廢舊鋰離(li)子電(dian)池(chi)處理工藝的(de)(de)研究大多集(ji)中在貴重金屬方面，鎳、鈷、錳(meng)、 鋰等金屬資源因其自身的(de)(de)經(jing)濟價值而受到多數回收(shou)企(qi)業的(de)(de)重視。 而電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)由于(yu)成分(fen)復雜，并且(qie)易水解(jie)難回收(shou)，一般采用(yong)(yong)焚燒(shao)的(de)(de)辦法來(lai)處理，但是 焚燒(shao)會(hui)帶來(lai)重大的(de)(de)污染問題。另外，電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)本身也具(ju)有(you)回收(shou)價值，因此，清潔回 收(shou)利(li)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)是值得深入探討的(de)(de)重要(yao)課(ke)題。 市(shi)面上常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)鋰離(li)子電(dian)池(chi)體系中，液(ye)態電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)占主流地位，一般包括三個(ge)部分(fen)： 有(you)機溶(rong)劑、溶(rong)質以及少許的(de)(de)添加(jia)劑。

廢舊(jiu)鋰離子(zi)電池電解液的處(chu)理(li)大致分為兩(liang)大技術路線:

(1)火法處理，即將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)或(huo)破碎后(hou)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)用(yong)高溫(wen)(wen)處理，在此過程(cheng)中若(ruo)通入空氣或(huo) 氧氣,則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液揮發并被氧化燃燒(shao),煙(yan)氣必(bi)須(xu)進行無害化處理。采用(yong)這種方法電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie) 液不能回收利用(yong)；若(ruo)此過程(cheng)在真空下或(huo)惰性氣體保(bao)護下進行，則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液在高溫(wen)(wen)下 分解(jie)(jie)，一(yi)般不能重新用(yong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液，但可作為燃料等(deng)使用(yong)。

(2)物理法處(chu)理，即(ji)采用(yong)冷(leng)凍、蒸餾、離(li)(li)心、萃取等(deng)非破壞性方法將電(dian)解(jie)液從電(dian) 池中分(fen)離(li)(li)出(chu)來，采用(yong)這(zhe)種方法電(dian)解(jie)液可以(yi)回收利用(yong)。

由于電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)本身為液(ye)態(tai)，并吸附在(zai)隔膜及(ji)電(dian)極活性(xing)物質中(zhong)，同時(shi)其揮(hui)發性(xing)較大(da)(da)， 而且還存在(zai)回收(shou)率不(bu)高和廢液(ye)廢氣二次污染等問題，因而電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)的(de)(de)回收(shou)技(ji)術難度 大(da)(da),回收(shou)成本較高。 目(mu)前處(chu)理(li)廢舊鋰離子(zi)電(dian)池電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)的(de)(de)絕大(da)(da)多數方法還處(chu)于實驗室階段(duan)，多為手工(gong)操 作，應(ying)用于生產則還需研發相應(ying)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)型(xing)自動(dong)化處(chu)理(li)設備。

2.3、 他山之石，海外動力電池回(hui)收政策(ce)與模式

2.3.1、美國：健全的電池回(hui)收(shou)法律與回(hui)收(shou)知(zhi)識普及

美國廢舊電池(chi)的(de)(de)回收(shou)法(fa)律(lv)健全，其相(xiang)(xiang)關法(fa)律(lv)的(de)(de)體(ti)系(xi)涉及聯邦(bang)、州和地方各級。三 個層次的(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)互相(xiang)(xiang)補充、互相(xiang)(xiang)規范，從而使得美國的(de)(de)電池(chi)回收(shou)法(fa)律(lv)體(ti)系(xi)完善(shan)、全 面、具體(ti)。

在(zai)聯邦政(zheng)府層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)級(ji)，政(zheng)府通(tong)(tong)過頒發許(xu)可證用(yong)于監管電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)和(he)廢(fei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)公(gong)司。 在(zai)州層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)級(ji)，大多(duo)(duo)數州已經(jing)采納了由美(mei)國(guo)國(guo)際電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)理事會(BCI)提出的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)法(fa) 規，通(tong)(tong)過參與廢(fei)舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)價格機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)來(lai)指導零(ling)售商(shang)和(he)消(xiao)費(fei)者(zhe)。例如(ru)，《紐約(yue)州 可充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)法(fa)》和(he)《加州可充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)法(fa)案》要求可充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)零(ling)售商(shang)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)消(xiao)費(fei) 者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)一次(ci)性(xing)可充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)而不收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)取(qu)任何(he)費(fei)用(yong)。 在(zai)地方層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)級(ji)，美(mei)國(guo)大多(duo)(duo)數城市已經(jing)制(zhi)(zhi)定了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)法(fa)規，以減輕廢(fei)舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de) 環(huan)境危害。美(mei)國(guo)國(guo)際電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)理事會頒布了《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)產品管理法(fa)》，該(gai)法(fa)案創(chuang)建了一個 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)押金制(zhi)(zhi)度來(lai)鼓勵消(xiao)費(fei)者(zhe)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)集和(he)交還用(yong)過的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。

2.3.2、歐盟：《電池法（草(cao)案）》規定最低回收材料使用比(bi)例、生 產者(zhe)責任延(yan)伸制度

歐盟(meng)(meng)是最早關注(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)回收并采取措施的(de)(de)地區。1991 年(nian)推出(chu)《含有某些(xie)危險物質 的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)與蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)指令》，規定了(le)這些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)需要單獨回收。歐盟(meng)(meng)在 3C 電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，鉛酸 電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)回收方面(mian)起步較早，積累了(le)很多(duo)相關經驗(yan)。2006 年(nian)出(chu)臺廢(fei)舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)處理和(he) 回收政策（2006/66/EC），形(xing)成由動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)生(sheng)產企業來承(cheng)擔回收主體的(de)(de)配套(tao)體 系（生(sheng)產者責任(ren)延伸(shen)制(zhi)）。 歐盟(meng)(meng)于 2020 年(nian) 12 月發布《電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)法(fa)(fa)（草(cao)案(an)）》，旨(zhi)在取代(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)指令（2006/66/EC）， 原定 2022 年(nian) 1 月生(sheng)效，但截至(zhi) 2022 年(nian) 3 月 1 日仍在審理流程中。該(gai)法(fa)(fa)案(an)規定 了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)可持(chi)續性、安全性和(he)標簽要求，并著重提及(ji)了(le)廢(fei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)收集、處理和(he)回收。