99久久精品费精品国产

【行(xing)業(ye)關注(zhu)】鋰(li)電(dian)池梯次利用必要(yao)性及主(zhu)要(yao)問題(ti)

梯次利用必要(yao)性

在(zai)全球(qiu)(qiu)“碳中和、碳達峰”的(de)目標之下，新能(neng)(neng)源汽(qi)車(che)普及率不斷提升(sheng)。2021年，全球(qiu)(qiu)新能(neng)(neng)源汽(qi)車(che)銷量(liang)(liang)達650余(yu)萬輛(liang)，同比增長108%。我國新能(neng)(neng)源汽(qi)車(che)銷量(liang)(liang)超過350萬輛(liang)，同比增長1.6倍。預(yu)計到2025年，全球(qiu)(qiu)新能(neng)(neng)源汽(qi)車(che)銷量(liang)(liang)超過1800萬輛(liang)，國內新能(neng)(neng)源車(che)銷量(liang)(liang)達1300余(yu)萬輛(liang)。

動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)作為新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源汽(qi)車(che)的關鍵部件之一，隨(sui)著新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源汽(qi)車(che)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)的高(gao)速發展(zhan)，動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)將進(jin)入大(da)規模退役期，對動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)開展(zhan)回收利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)已(yi)迫在(zai)(zai)眉睫。《新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源汽(qi)車(che)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)發展(zhan)規劃（2021-2035年）》提出(chu)，要(yao)完(wan)善動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)回收、梯(ti)級利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)和再(zai)生資源的循環利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)體系(xi)；加(jia)(jia)強動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)全生命周期監管；支持動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)梯(ti)次產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)在(zai)(zai)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)、備能(neng)(neng)(neng)、充換電(dian)(dian)等領域(yu)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)應用(yong)(yong)；加(jia)(jia)強余(yu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)檢測、殘值評估、重(zhong)組利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)、安(an)全管理等技術(shu)研發。

全新動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池一(yi)(yi)般用(yong)(yong)在(zai)新能源汽車上，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)時(shi)候是100%的(de)容量(liang)，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池使(shi)用(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)段時(shi)間后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量(liang)會衰減(jian)，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量(liang)衰減(jian)到80%的(de)時(shi)候就(jiu)不能使(shi)用(yong)(yong)在(zai)汽車上，此時(shi)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池會進行退(tui)役(yi)處(chu)(chu)理。退(tui)役(yi)或報廢(fei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組中并(bing)非所有電(dian)(dian)(dian)池都處(chu)(chu)于(yu)報廢(fei)狀態，由于(yu)不一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)性原因(yin)，通(tong)常只是個別單(dan)元的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池報廢(fei)，組內(nei)的(de)很多(duo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池還處(chu)(chu)于(yu)良(liang)好(hao)的(de)生命(ming)周期內(nei)，仍有較高的(de)梯(ti)次(ci)利(li)用(yong)(yong)價(jia)值，可以(yi)(yi)通(tong)過合適的(de)梯(ti)次(ci)利(li)用(yong)(yong)方案繼續(xu)發揮余熱。動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池退(tui)役(yi)后，部分動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池仍具有很好(hao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)性能，其剩余容量(liang)可以(yi)(yi)滿足儲能、備電(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)應用(yong)(yong)場景的(de)需求(qiu)。

一般情況下(xia)，動(dong)力(li)電(dian)池包(bao)由若干個模(mo)(mo)塊或單(dan)體組成，即(ji)使(shi)電(dian)池包(bao)由于內部個別(bie)模(mo)(mo)塊或單(dan)體損壞而不能繼續(xu)使(shi)用(yong)，電(dian)池包(bao)內的其他模(mo)(mo)塊與單(dan)體仍具有很(hen)大(da)的二(er)次(ci)使(shi)用(yong)空間。在廢舊車(che)用(yong)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)池回(hui)收利(li)用(yong)的過程中，若直(zhi)接(jie)將廢舊動(dong)力(li)電(dian)池進(jin)行材料再生利(li)用(yong)，將造成極大(da)的資源浪費。

梯(ti)次利(li)用可(ke)以實現(xian)動(dong)力(li)電池(chi)全(quan)生命周期的(de)價值最大化(hua)，可(ke)以降低動(dong)力(li)電池(chi)服役周期的(de)碳(tan)排放，可(ke)以在(zai)細分(fen)領域緩解(jie)對上游原材料廠商供應需求的(de)緊張關(guan)系(xi)。因此(ci)，從(cong)資源利(li)用最大化(hua)原則(ze)出發，動(dong)力(li)電池(chi)的(de)梯(ti)次利(li)用很(hen)有(you)必要。

退役動力電(dian)池梯次利用一(yi)直存在幾個(ge)技術瓶頸(jing)：

（1）退役(yi)電池的健康狀(zhuang)況難(nan)以評測，特(te)別是熱失控風(feng)險防控難(nan)度大(da)；

（2）退役電池容量一致性難以調控，特(te)別(bie)是容量衰減(jian)非線(xian)性；（3）退役電池容量標(biao)定效率低下，快速容量檢測技術難度大。

梯(ti)次利用過(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)主要問題

1、壽命是(shi)個謎(mi)

雖(sui)然在動(dong)(dong)力(li)和(he)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)，都(dou)會用電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(組)全生命周期內能(neng)(neng)(neng)提(ti)供的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)來描述電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壽(shou)命，卻有(you)著(zhu)(zhu)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)義。動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中，這個(ge)容(rong)量(liang)意(yi)(yi)味著(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總行(xing)(xing)(xing)駛里(li)程，但是(shi)在儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)，則意(yi)(yi)味著(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用時(shi)間，是(shi)10年(nian)?15年(nian)？還是(shi)20年(nian)？可(ke)(ke)以看出儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)與動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)別是(shi)要求長時(shi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)，為了延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽(shou)命，儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組往往始終保(bao)(bao)(bao)證在20%-90%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作區(qu)內運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，國外很(hen)多儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)案(an)例就是(shi)這么(me)做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。即使如(ru)此，也不能(neng)(neng)(neng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證每一塊(kuai)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)都(dou)能(neng)(neng)(neng)達(da)(da)到設計要求。二(er)次利(li)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在服(fu)役(yi)期間，根本(ben)無法(fa)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證在20%-90%放電(dian)(dian)(dian)區(qu)間能(neng)(neng)(neng)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)，而且根據實際路況不同，可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)會頻繁出現(xian)大倍率放電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)(chang)景，再加上現(xian)在時(shi)興的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)技術，每一項都(dou)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)對動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)造成(cheng)不可(ke)(ke)預(yu)知的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傷(shang)害，雖(sui)然電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在測試性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(如(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)阻抗)和(he)容(rong)量(liang)上可(ke)(ke)以達(da)(da)到儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求，但是(shi)二(er)次服(fu)役(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際壽(shou)命到底能(neng)(neng)(neng)達(da)(da)到多少年(nian)，可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)沒有(you)人能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠知道(dao)。

2、成本(ben)仍然是敏(min)感(gan)問題

如果讓儲(chu)(chu)能市(shi)場選(xuan)擇退役的動力電(dian)(dian)池，就需要這些電(dian)(dian)池擁有足夠的價(jia)格優勢。相應的，如果想通過二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)利用(yong)進一步降低鋰電(dian)(dian)池的使(shi)用(yong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)，那(nei)么(me)定價(jia)中既要包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)池的回(hui)收(shou)拆解分選(xuan)的成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)，也要包括(kuo)對(dui)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池初次(ci)(ci)(ci)使(shi)用(yong)中成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)的攤銷。電(dian)(dian)池在回(hui)收(shou)、檢測(ce)、倉儲(chu)(chu)、運輸、二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)成(cheng)(cheng)組等等，每一個(ge)環(huan)節都(dou)是成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)項，這些項目的實(shi)際成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)，可能與經濟模(mo)型預測(ce)的成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)有非常大的差(cha)別。在沒有補貼機(ji)制保證的前提(ti)下，梯次(ci)(ci)(ci)利用(yong)的電(dian)(dian)池成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)是否(fou)真(zhen)的能被儲(chu)(chu)能市(shi)場所接(jie)受，還有待驗(yan)證。

3、技術問題還很(hen)多

在(zai)廢舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)回收(shou)處理中(zhong)，首先要(yao)(yao)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)進行(xing)失效(xiao)(xiao)和(he)拆(chai)解。所謂(wei)失效(xiao)(xiao)，就(jiu)是(shi)讓電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)喪失所有電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，保證拆(chai)解過程(cheng)的(de)安全。對小型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)而言，失效(xiao)(xiao)可(ke)能就(jiu)是(shi)將(jiang)正(zheng)負極(ji)短接，將(jiang)余電(dian)(dian)(dian)放凈。工(gong)(gong)業化生(sheng)產中(zhong)，則使用液氮通過冷凍的(de)方式讓電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)失效(xiao)(xiao)。梯次利(li)用的(de)要(yao)(yao)求正(zheng)好(hao)相(xiang)反(fan)，要(yao)(yao)求電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)拆(chai)解下來(lai)是(shi)完(wan)好(hao)的(de)。退役的(de)動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)生(sheng)產廠商繁多，型(xing)號(hao)紛雜，即(ji)使相(xiang)同(tong)廠家、相(xiang)同(tong)型(xing)號(hao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)，如果(guo)來(lai)自(zi)不同(tong)成型(xing)，其(qi)成組方式和(he)結構也可(ke)能有較(jiao)大的(de)區別。因此，其(qi)中(zhong)相(xiang)當一部(bu)分工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，可(ke)能需要(yao)(yao)借(jie)助手(shou)工(gong)(gong)來(lai)完(wan)成，工(gong)(gong)人(ren)的(de)技能水平可(ke)能會影響著電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)回收(shou)過程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)成品(pin)率。同(tong)時，這種拆(chai)解過程(cheng)中(zhong)也存在(zai)安全隱(yin)患(huan)。

（來源：源宇洲電池(chi)回收技術平(ping)臺(tai)）