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儲能鈉電池技術(shu)的挑戰與(yu)前景

一、前(qian)言(yan)

2017 年 10 月，國家發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和改革(ge)委員(yuan)會、國家能(neng)(neng)(neng)源局(ju)等(deng)五部委聯合出(chu)臺(tai)了(le)《關于促進我國儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術與產(chan)業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)指導(dao)意(yi)見(jian)》，指出(chu)加(jia)(jia)快儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術與產(chan)業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，對(dui)于構(gou)建“清潔低碳、安全高效”的(de)(de)現代能(neng)(neng)(neng)源產(chan)業(ye)體系具有重要的(de)(de)戰(zhan)略意(yi)義。這(zhe)一政(zheng)策的(de)(de)出(chu)臺(tai)直接推動(dong)了(le)“十三五”期(qi)間我國儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)產(chan)業(ye)的(de)(de)蓬勃發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。隨著“十四五”期(qi)間“雙碳”目標的(de)(de)提出(chu)，2021 年 4 月，國家發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和改革(ge)委員(yuan)會、國家能(neng)(neng)(neng)源局(ju)再次聯合發(fa)布了(le)第二部針對(dui)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)產(chan)業(ye)的(de)(de)國家級綜合性政(zheng)策文件《關于加(jia)(jia)快推動(dong)新(xin)型儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)指導(dao)意(yi)見(jian)（征求(qiu)意(yi)見(jian)稿(gao)）》，明(ming)確提出(chu)到 2025 年，實(shi)現 3000萬kW 的(de)(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)目標，實(shi)現儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)跨越(yue)式發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)；到 2030 年，實(shi)現新(xin)型儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)全面市(shi)場化發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。《關于加(jia)(jia)快推動(dong)新(xin)型儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)指導(dao)意(yi)見(jian)（征求(qiu)意(yi)見(jian)稿(gao)）》還指出(chu)，儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術要以(yi)需求(qiu)為(wei)向導(dao)，堅持多元(yuan)化發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，這(zhe)為(wei)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)明(ming)確了(le)目標和方向。

目前，儲(chu)能系(xi)統從發電側(ce)、輸配電側(ce)到(dao)用(yong)戶側(ce)的(de)(de)一系(xi)列支撐服務逐漸(jian)成(cheng)為彈性和高效電網的(de)(de)重要組成(cheng)部分。較小型的(de)(de)分布式儲(chu)能系(xi)統今后也將更廣泛地在家(jia)庭、企(qi)業和通信基站中推廣應用(yong)。

我國儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)呈現多元化(hua)(hua)發展的良好(hao)態勢：抽(chou)水蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)發展迅速，鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)成(cheng)熟(shu)度飛速提高，壓縮(suo)空氣儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、飛輪(lun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、超導儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)和超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)、鈉硫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、液(ye)流電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鉛蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)等(deng)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)研發應用(yong)加速，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫、儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)熱(re)、儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)冷(leng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)也(ye)取得了一(yi)定進展。其中，電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)（或(huo)二次電(dian)(dian)池(chi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)）技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)相對于水電(dian)(dian)、火電(dian)(dian)等(deng)常(chang)規(gui)功(gong)率調節(jie)手段具有(you)較(jiao)大技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)優勢：響應時間為(wei)毫(hao)秒級(ji)，跟蹤負荷變化(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力強，便于精確(que)控制；對實施的地理環境要求(qiu)較(jiao)低；具有(you)削峰填(tian)谷的雙向調節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力。2021 年(nian) 4 月(yue)，中關村儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)產業技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)聯(lian)盟（CNESA）發布的《儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)產業研究白皮書 2021》顯示，截至(zhi) 2020 年(nian)年(nian)底(di)，中國已(yi)投(tou)運儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)項目累計裝機規(gui)模 35.6 GW，占(zhan)全球市場(chang)總(zong)規(gui)模的 18.6%，同比增(zeng)長(chang) 9.8%，其中電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的累計裝機規(gui)模僅次于抽(chou)水蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，位列第(di)二。

目前(qian)，各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學儲(chu)(chu)能技(ji)術的(de)(de)基本特征和成熟度各(ge)不相同，每(mei)一種(zhong)技(ji)術都有不同的(de)(de)數量(liang)在全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)不同的(de)(de)地點進行部署(shu)。包括鋰離(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、鈉硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、鈉 – 金屬氯化物電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、液(ye)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)在內的(de)(de) 5 類(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)技(ji)術已經被認為(wei)是較(jiao)可靠的(de)(de)能源供應體系(xi)，在全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)范圍內有兆瓦級的(de)(de)裝機規模。2017 年以來(lai)，鋰離(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)急劇發展，占(zhan)據了中國(guo)和美國(guo)儲(chu)(chu)能市場絕大部分份(fen)額，技(ji)術成熟度不斷提(ti)高。隨(sui)著越來(lai)越多(duo)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)儲(chu)(chu)能系(xi)統的(de)(de)部署(shu)，安(an)全(quan)(quan)事故的(de)(de)風(feng)險也(ye)隨(sui)之增加(jia)，尤其是電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)熱失(shi)控(kong)導致的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)事故頻發引起(qi)了人們的(de)(de)重(zhong)視(shi)和擔憂(you)。

2019 年，國家電網有限(xian)公司(si)發(fa)(fa)布《關于(yu)促進電化(hua)學儲能健康(kang)有序發(fa)(fa)展的指導意(yi)見》，意(yi)見強(qiang)調要嚴守(shou)儲能安(an)全(quan)紅線。不(bu)僅如此，鋰等元素(su)昂(ang)貴，地(di)殼中含量(liang)少且分(fen)布極不(bu)均勻(yun)，對(dui)于(yu)長期規(gui)模化(hua)應用而言可能會成為一個(ge)重要問(wen)題。

鈉(na)(na)元素和(he)鋰元素有(you)(you)相似(si)的(de)(de)物(wu)理化學特(te)性，且在地殼(ke)中儲(chu)量(liang)豐富，資源分布(bu)廣泛(fan)，因此發(fa)展針(zhen)對規(gui)模(mo)化儲(chu)能應(ying)用的(de)(de)儲(chu)能鈉(na)(na)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池技術(shu)具有(you)(you)重要的(de)(de)戰略(lve)意義，近年(nian)來得到研究者的(de)(de)廣泛(fan)關注。已(yi)經在儲(chu)能領域規(gui)模(mo)化應(ying)用的(de)(de)鈉(na)(na)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池體系(xi)主要包括兩(liang)種，即基于(yu)固體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質體系(xi)的(de)(de)高溫鈉(na)(na)硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池和(he)鈉(na)(na) – 金(jin)屬氯化物(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池體系(xi)。它們的(de)(de)負極活(huo)性物(wu)質均為金(jin)屬鈉(na)(na)，更準確地被(bei)稱為鈉(na)(na)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。鈉(na)(na)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池通常指(zhi)有(you)(you)機體系(xi)鈉(na)(na)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，由于(yu)其(qi)技術(shu)水平提升較快(kuai)，成為極有(you)(you)前景的(de)(de)儲(chu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池之(zhi)一。目前全球從事鈉(na)(na)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池工程化的(de)(de)公司已(yi)有(you)(you) 20 家以上。

最近，中國科學院物(wu)理研(yan)究所與中科海(hai)鈉(na)(na)科技(ji)有限責任公(gong)司聯合(he)推出的 1 MWh 鈉(na)(na)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)光儲充智能(neng)微網系(xi)統在山西太原投入運(yun)行。寧德時代(dai)(dai)新(xin)能(neng)源科技(ji)有限公(gong)司（CATL）近期也發布(bu)了他(ta)們的第(di)一代(dai)(dai)鈉(na)(na)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，能(neng)量(liang)密(mi)度(du)達到 160 Wh/kg。然而鈉(na)(na)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)尚未在儲能(neng)產(chan)業上大規模推廣(guang)，其應(ying)用優勢有待(dai)驗證(zheng)。水系(xi)鈉(na)(na)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)具有環保(bao)、低(di)成本、制(zhi)造方便、安全性好、易回收等(deng)優點，但(dan)是存在電(dian)壓窗口較低(di)、電(dian)極材(cai)料副反應(ying)等(deng)嚴重影響(xiang)壽命的問(wen)題。因此，本文主要針對大規模儲能(neng)用安全性改善(shan)的鈉(na)(na)硫電(dian)池(chi)(chi)和鈉(na)(na) – 金屬氯化(hua)物(wu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)儲能(neng)鈉(na)(na)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)體(ti)系(xi)進行綜(zong)述和研(yan)究。

二、儲能鈉電池技術概(gai)述

（一）鈉硫(liu)電池

鈉(na)硫(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是一種基于固體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)溫二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，它以(yi)鈉(na)作(zuo)為(wei)陽極(ji)，以(yi)滲(shen)入碳氈中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)作(zuo)為(wei)陰(yin)極(ji)，傳導鈉(na)離子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) β"- 氧(yang)化(hua)鋁陶瓷在(zai)中間同時(shi)起隔(ge)膜(mo)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雙(shuang)重作(zuo)用 。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)形(xing)式為(wei)（–）Na（l） | β"-Al2O3 |S/Na2Sx（l）|C（+），其中 x=3~5，基本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)反應(ying)是：2Na+xS ←→ Na2Sx。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)溫度控制在(zai) 300~350 ℃，此時(shi)鈉(na)與(yu)硫(liu)均呈(cheng)液態，β"- 氧(yang)化(hua)鋁具有高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導率（~0.2 S/cm），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)具有快(kuai)速(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反應(ying)動力學。鈉(na)硫(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)以(yi) Na2S3 為(wei)最終產物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正極(ji)理論比容量(liang)約為(wei) 558 mAh·g–1，在(zai) 350 ℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)溫度下具有 2.08 V 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

鈉(na)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)電池(chi)一(yi)般(ban)設計(ji)為中(zhong)心負(fu)極(ji)的管(guan)(guan)式結構，即鈉(na)被裝載在(zai)陶瓷(ci)電解(jie)質管(guan)(guan)中(zhong)形成負(fu)極(ji)。電池(chi)由鈉(na)負(fu)極(ji)、鈉(na)極(ji)安(an)全管(guan)(guan)、固體電解(jie)質（一(yi)般(ban)為 β"- 氧(yang)化(hua)鋁(lv)）及其(qi)封(feng)接件、硫(liu)(liu)(liu)（或多(duo)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)鈉(na)）正極(ji)、硫(liu)(liu)(liu)極(ji)導(dao)電網絡（一(yi)般(ban)為碳(tan)氈）、集(ji)流體和外殼等部分(fen)組成。通常固體電解(jie)質陶瓷(ci)管(guan)(guan)一(yi)端開口一(yi)端封(feng)閉，其(qi)開口端通過熔(rong)融(rong)硼(peng)硅酸(suan)鹽玻璃與絕(jue)緣陶瓷(ci)進(jin)行密(mi)封(feng)，正負(fu)極(ji)終(zhong)端與絕(jue)緣陶瓷(ci)之間通過熱(re)壓鋁(lv)環進(jin)行密(mi)封(feng)。

鈉硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池擁有(you)許多(duo)優良(liang)的(de)特性：①比能(neng)量高(gao)。目前(qian)，鈉硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)實際能(neng)量密(mi)度已達(da)(da)到(dao) 240 Wh/kg 和 390 Wh/L 以(yi)上(shang)，與三元鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池相當(dang)。②功率密(mi)度高(gao)。用(yong)(yong)于(yu)儲能(neng)的(de)鈉硫單(dan)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池功率可達(da)(da)到(dao) 120 W 以(yi)上(shang)，形成模塊(kuai)后，模塊(kuai)功率通常達(da)(da)到(dao)數十千(qian)瓦，可直(zhi)接用(yong)(yong)于(yu)儲能(neng)。③長壽(shou)命。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可滿充滿放循環 4500 次以(yi)上(shang)，壽(shou)命為(wei) 10~15 年。④庫倫效(xiao)率高(gao)。由于(yu)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)固體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池幾乎沒有(you)自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率約為(wei) 100%。⑤環境適應(ying)性好。由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池通過保溫(wen)箱恒溫(wen)運(yun)行，因此環境溫(wen)度適應(ying)范圍廣，通常為(wei)–40~60℃。⑥電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池運(yun)行無污染(ran)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池采(cai)用(yong)(yong)全密(mi)封結(jie)構(gou)，運(yun)行中無振動、無噪聲(sheng)，沒有(you)氣體放出。⑦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池原(yuan)料成本(ben)低廉，無資源爭(zheng)奪隱患(huan)，結(jie)構(gou)簡單(dan)，維護方便。

（二）鈉(na) – 金屬氯化物電池

鈉(na) – 金屬氯化(hua)(hua)物(wu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)（也稱 ZEBRA 電(dian)(dian)池(chi)）可與鈉(na)硫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)統稱為鈉(na)-beta 二次電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，其(qi)結構與鈉(na)硫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)類似，負極是(shi)液態(tai)的(de)金屬鈉(na)，β"-Al2O3 陶瓷作(zuo)為固態(tai)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)質，不同的(de)是(shi)，ZEBRA 電(dian)(dian)池(chi)工(gong)作(zuo)溫度略低(di)，為 270~320℃，正極部分由(you)液態(tai)的(de)四(si)氯鋁(lv)酸鈉(na)（NaAlCl4）輔助電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液與固態(tai)的(de)金屬氯化(hua)(hua)物(wu)組成，其(qi)中氯化(hua)(hua)鎳的(de)應(ying)用研究最為廣泛(fan)。鈉(na) – 氯化(hua)(hua)鎳電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)基(ji)本(ben)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)反應(ying)是(shi)：2Na+NiCl2 ←→ 2NaCl+Ni， 300 ℃下開路電(dian)(dian)壓為 2.58 V。

與鈉(na)硫電(dian)(dian)池類似(si)，鈉(na) – 金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)氯(lv)(lv)化物(wu)電(dian)(dian)池同(tong)樣(yang)具(ju)有(you)長壽命、庫侖效率高、環境適應性好(hao)、無污染(ran)運行等特點。鈉(na) – 金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)氯(lv)(lv)化物(wu)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)實際比(bi)能量偏低(di)，為 110~140 Wh/kg，但(dan)仍是鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池的(de) 3 倍左右，而且還具(ju)有(you)其他(ta)一些值得關注的(de)優(you)良特性：①高安全性。鈉(na) – 金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)氯(lv)(lv)化物(wu)電(dian)(dian)池具(ju)有(you)短(duan)路溫(wen)和放熱(re)和過充過放可逆等特點，確保電(dian)(dian)池在(zai)電(dian)(dian)氣和機械濫用(yong)時的(de)高安全性。②無鈉(na)組裝(zhuang)。電(dian)(dian)池以放電(dian)(dian)態(tai)組裝(zhuang)，僅在(zai)正極腔室裝(zhuang)填金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)粉(fen)體、氯(lv)(lv)化鈉(na)和電(dian)(dian)解液，制造過程安全性高。③高電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。開路電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)較鈉(na)硫電(dian)(dian)池提(ti)高 20% 以上(shang)。④維護(hu)成本低(di)。電(dian)(dian)池內部短(duan)路時特有(you)的(de)低(di)電(dian)(dian)阻損壞模式大(da)大(da)降低(di)了系統的(de)維護(hu)成本。

（三）儲(chu)能鈉電池(chi)生產制造的核(he)心(xin)技(ji)術

高(gao)溫鈉硫(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心(xin)技(ji)術(shu)包(bao)括(kuo)了 β"- 氧化(hua)(hua)鋁精細陶瓷(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燒制、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)密封技(ji)術(shu)、負(fu)極潤濕保護(hu)管設計(ji)、正(zheng)極外殼(ke)防(fang)(fang)(fang)腐蝕(shi)(shi)和(he)正(zheng)負(fu)極裝(zhuang)(zhuang)填技(ji)術(shu)等。首(shou)先，β"- 氧化(hua)(hua)鋁精細陶瓷(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)和(he)一致性(xing)深刻影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學性(xing)能和(he)安全特性(xing)，是(shi)最為(wei)(wei)(wei)關(guan)鍵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一環。其(qi)次(ci)，任何(he)一個密封部件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損壞都(dou)會(hui)導(dao)致正(zheng)負(fu)極材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蒸汽直接接觸(chu)而發生反應，因(yin)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)密封技(ji)術(shu)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)鈉硫(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心(xin)技(ji)術(shu)之(zhi)一。再次(ci)，熔融硫(liu)和(he)多硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)鈉對(dui)金(jin)屬具有強腐蝕(shi)(shi)性(xing)，因(yin)此包(bao)括(kuo)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)正(zheng)極集流體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外殼(ke)在內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)接液部件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)腐蝕(shi)(shi)技(ji)術(shu)也是(shi)鈉硫(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)實用化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵。最后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正(zheng)負(fu)極的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效裝(zhuang)(zhuang)填及其(qi)與固體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質之(zhi)間(jian)界面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)潤濕層設計(ji)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)高(gao)性(xing)能運行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必備(bei)要(yao)素。相對(dui)于鈉硫(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，鈉 – 氯化(hua)(hua)鎳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)無(wu)須(xu)對(dui)外殼(ke)進行防(fang)(fang)(fang)腐蝕(shi)(shi)處理，但是(shi)正(zheng)極長(chang)循環穩定技(ji)術(shu)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心(xin)技(ji)術(shu)之(zhi)一。

高溫(wen)(wen)鈉電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)模(mo)組(zu)的(de)核心技(ji)(ji)術(shu)包括了(le)絕熱(re)(re)(re)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)箱(xiang)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、模(mo)組(zu)熱(re)(re)(re)管(guan)理(li)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、模(mo)組(zu)內 / 間(jian)阻(zu)燃(ran)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)管(guan)理(li)系(xi)統與保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)路設計(ji)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)高溫(wen)(wen)運(yun)行環境對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)箱(xiang)提(ti)出(chu)了(le)較高的(de)要求(qiu)。絕熱(re)(re)(re)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)箱(xiang)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)一方(fang)面需要保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在待機(ji)時的(de)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)耗，另一方(fang)面還要保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)箱(xiang)輕量(liang)化(hua)，以(yi)提(ti)升電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)整體的(de)能(neng)量(liang)密度(du)(du)。由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)下的(de)化(hua)學反應為放熱(re)(re)(re)反應，此時模(mo)塊(kuai)內部將出(chu)現 22~35 ℃的(de)升溫(wen)(wen)，而(er)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)會下降到待機(ji)水平。長時間(jian)的(de)升降溫(wen)(wen)循環不僅考驗電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)密封材料的(de)熱(re)(re)(re)機(ji)械性能(neng)，還對模(mo)塊(kuai)的(de)熱(re)(re)(re)管(guan)理(li)提(ti)出(chu)了(le)快(kuai)速響應的(de)要求(qiu)，否則可能(neng)造成溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)無法及(ji)(ji)時復原(yuan)。另外，模(mo)組(zu)內 / 間(jian)防火技(ji)(ji)術(shu)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)管(guan)理(li)系(xi)統與保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)路設計(ji)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)長期安全運(yun)行也(ye)具有(you)重要意義。

三、儲能鈉電池的應(ying)用需求(qiu)

儲(chu)能鈉電(dian)(dian)池(chi)可針對極(ji)端(duan)環境（如高(gao)(gao)熱、高(gao)(gao)寒、高(gao)(gao)鹽腐蝕(shi)等(deng)(deng)）下(xia)(xia)的風(feng)能、太陽能等(deng)(deng)可再(zai)生能源發電(dian)(dian)企業配套大容量、安全可靠的儲(chu)能系(xi)統；為(wei)載人潛艇、陸軍戰(zhan)車(che)、水(shui)下(xia)(xia)平臺(tai)等(deng)(deng)提供動力(li)，服(fu)務國防(fang)科技事業；為(wei)第(di)五代移動通信(xin)技術（5G）通信(xin)基站(zhan)、數據中(zhong)心等(deng)(deng)室內用電(dian)(dian)大戶提供備用電(dian)(dian)源，為(wei)國家(jia)的節(jie)能減排事業及“碳中(zhong)和”戰(zhan)略做出貢獻。儲(chu)能鈉電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的應用領域為(wei)鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)技術提供有益補充，其主要的應用場景如下(xia)(xia)。

（一）極(ji)端(duan)環境應用

隨著全(quan)球氣候變暖(nuan)，國內外 50 ℃以上的(de)極端高溫(wen)天氣頻繁，亞熱帶(dai)和熱帶(dai)地(di)區(qu)更是如(ru)此。電(dian)池(chi)的(de)高溫(wen)運行需(xu)求(qiu)逐(zhu)漸受(shou)到重視。油氣勘探的(de)井下溫(wen)度(du)可(ke)超過 170 ℃，能耐受(shou)如(ru)此高溫(wen)的(de)電(dian)池(chi)很少，目前(qian)井下儀器的(de)電(dian)能供(gong)應(ying)采用的(de)是鋰一次(ci)電(dian)池(chi)。軍用電(dian)池(chi)需(xu)要適(shi)應(ying)多(duo)種惡劣的(de)應(ying)用環境，被要求(qiu)在 –50~70 ℃的(de)溫(wen)度(du)范圍內正(zheng)常工作。

作為(wei)下一代無(wu)線(xian)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)體系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)重要組成，高(gao)空平臺(tai)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)是(shi)位(wei)于平流層的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)空平臺(tai)向上連(lian)接(jie)衛(wei)星、向下連(lian)接(jie)低空無(wu)人機和(he)地(di)面節點(dian)，作為(wei)空中基站或中繼(ji)節點(dian)，提(ti)供快速、穩定、靈活的(de)(de)(de)應急通(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。高(gao)空平臺(tai)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)運載器(qi)是(shi)一個保持在 20 km 高(gao)度并停(ting)留 5 年(nian)時間的(de)(de)(de)靜止平臺(tai)。運載器(qi)所(suo)需能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)由太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池板提(ti)供，對其所(suo)搭載的(de)(de)(de)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池要求(qiu)高(gao)比能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)（>110 Wh/ kg）、性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)可(ke)靠性和(he)穩定性（>5 年(nian)壽命和(he)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)降低 <10%）和(he)超低溫運行（–55℃）。另外，海島、近海等高(gao)鹽(yan)霧環境也限(xian)制了(le)大量電(dian)(dian)池體系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)應用。

研(yan)究(jiu)表明，鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子電池(chi)(chi)在(zai)無人機上的應(ying)(ying)用受到高低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)環境的極(ji)大限制。電池(chi)(chi)正常使用溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度范圍是 –15~50 ℃。低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)條件(jian)下，鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子電池(chi)(chi)面臨的鋰(li)(li)枝晶(jing)問(wen)題和離(li)(li)子擴(kuo)散遲緩(huan)問(wen)題會(hui)(hui)更加嚴重，高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)條件(jian)則會(hui)(hui)加速鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)子電池(chi)(chi)陰極(ji)固液界(jie)面的副反應(ying)(ying)和電解液退化，引發嚴重的熱失控。