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【動力電池回收】退役廢舊動力鋰電池的歸宿(su)在(zai)哪里？

當(dang)前(qian)，以(yi)鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)作為動力(li)的(de)新能源汽(qi)車快速發展，動力(li)鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)使用量迅速提(ti)升，退役廢舊(jiu)(jiu)動力(li)鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)回(hui)收處置(zhi)問(wen)題隨(sui)之而來(lai)。使用過(guo)的(de)鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)經回(hui)收處理后(hou)，可(ke)為新電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制造提(ti)供原材料(liao)，具有(you)極大的(de)資源回(hui)收價(jia)值。但廢舊(jiu)(jiu)動力(li)鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不規范的(de)回(hui)收利用會向環(huan)境中釋放鎳、鈷、錳(meng)、氟化氫等有(you)毒重金屬和有(you)害氣體，帶來(lai)環(huan)境風險。

動力鋰電(dian)池材(cai)料、種類復雜(za)繁多，相關回收利用標(biao)準體系(xi)還(huan)在(zai)逐步(bu)完善(shan)，廢舊動力鋰電(dian)池回收利用仍存在(zai)挑戰。為進(jin)一步(bu)推(tui)動廢舊動力鋰電(dian)池規范回收利用、引導行業健康發展，筆者結合四川(chuan)省實際情況(kuang)，提出如下思考與建議。

落實生(sheng)(sheng)產者(zhe)責(ze)任，健全(quan)(quan)回(hui)收(shou)體(ti)系。建立健全(quan)(quan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)生(sheng)(sheng)產企業(ye)、汽車制(zhi)造企業(ye)等生(sheng)(sheng)產者(zhe)責(ze)任延伸(shen)制(zhi)度(du)，加強溯源管理，探索“電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)護照”“電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)身(shen)份(fen)證”等制(zhi)度(du)，對(dui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)進行(xing)統一編碼，實施動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)生(sheng)(sheng)產、銷售、使用、報廢(fei)、回(hui)收(shou)、利用的全(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)命周期(qi)信息(xi)采集。依托寧(ning)德時代、億(yi)緯鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)能等鏈(lian)主企業(ye)，推進生(sheng)(sheng)產者(zhe)責(ze)任延伸(shen)制(zhi)度(du)與動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)全(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)命周期(qi)評價、碳足跡、ESG等相銜接，鼓勵鏈(lian)主“拉動(dong)(dong)(dong)”廢(fei)舊動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)進入規范渠道(dao)回(hui)收(shou)利用。健全(quan)(quan)廢(fei)舊動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)回(hui)收(shou)處(chu)理體(ti)系，避免(mian)廢(fei)舊動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)流入小作坊類再生(sheng)(sheng)資源回(hui)收(shou)點(dian)甚至是非(fei)法拆解點(dian)，實現廢(fei)舊動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)去向(xiang)可(ke)追、節點(dian)可(ke)控、責(ze)任可(ke)究(jiu)。

完(wan)善政策(ce)標(biao)準，提(ti)高利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)水平(ping)。完(wan)善動(dong)力鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)生(sheng)產(chan)制造(zao)標(biao)準，將(jiang)高端制造(zao)的(de)能力和(he)體系貫穿動(dong)力鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)回(hui)收再(zai)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)產(chan)業的(de)全鏈條。頂層設計便于維修使(shi)用(yong)(yong)、梯次(ci)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)和(he)再(zai)生(sheng)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)的(de)動(dong)力鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)一(yi)致性標(biao)準體系。加強梯次(ci)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)管理，實施(shi)梯次(ci)產(chan)品自愿性認證制度。出臺修訂廢(fei)(fei)舊動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)回(hui)收利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)指(zhi)南(nan)和(he)污(wu)染(ran)控制規范，提(ti)高廢(fei)(fei)舊動(dong)力鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)循(xun)環利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)效率和(he)污(wu)染(ran)防治水平(ping)。推(tui)進(jin)廢(fei)(fei)舊動(dong)力鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)綜合利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)企業環境(jing)(jing)管理體系在(zai)全國試點，建立拆解產(chan)物危險(xian)特(te)性清(qing)單，有(you)效識別(bie)環境(jing)(jing)風險(xian)。優(you)先支(zhi)持(chi)擁(yong)有(you)低能耗“零”污(wu)染(ran)再(zai)生(sheng)技術的(de)動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)企業產(chan)業化布局。

加(jia)強工作聯動(dong)(dong)，打擊非法(fa)(fa)(fa)拆(chai)(chai)解(jie)(jie)。加(jia)快出臺(tai)實(shi)施(shi)廢(fei)舊動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池專項管理辦法(fa)(fa)(fa)，加(jia)強經(jing)濟和(he)信息(xi)化(hua)、商(shang)務(wu)、生態環境(jing)等部門間的協同聯動(dong)(dong)，完善監管措施(shi)。建(jian)立線上(shang)回收交易平臺(tai)，與(yu)全國固體(ti)廢(fei)物信息(xi)管理平臺(tai)等實(shi)現數據共享，通過“物聯網+”監管手段(duan)，強化(hua)對(dui)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池回收處置行為(wei)的監管，依法(fa)(fa)(fa)取(qu)締關停(ting)非法(fa)(fa)(fa)拆(chai)(chai)解(jie)(jie)小作坊，嚴厲打擊廢(fei)舊動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池拆(chai)(chai)解(jie)(jie)環境(jing)違法(fa)(fa)(fa)行為(wei)，有效杜絕廢(fei)舊動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池回收利用“體(ti)外循環”。

作者(zhe)單位：四(si)川省固體廢物與化(hua)學品管(guan)理(li)中(zhong)心(xin)

（來源：中國(guo)環境報）